Pharmacology - Raffa 1E

Author: Robert B. Raffa, PhD, Scott M. Rawls and Elena Portyansky

ISBN: 9781929007608

1: Basic Principles (33 images)

Page 2: Eliminate External and Internal Threats
Page 3: Eliminate External and Internal Threats
Page 4: Replenish or Neutralize Endogenous Chemicals
Page 5: Modulate Physiologic Processes
Page 6: Chemical Transmission at the Synapse
Page 7: Synapse Morphology
Page 8: Receptors and Signaling
Page 9: Receptor Subtypes
Page 10: Agonists
Page 11: Antagonists
Page 12: Stereochemistry and 3-Dimensional Fit
Page 13: Receptor-Effector Coupling
Page 14: Signal Transduction and Crosstalk
Page 15: Second-Messenger Pathways
Page 16: Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Page 17: G Protein-Coupled Receptors
Page 18: TRK Receptors
Page 19: Nuclear Receptors
Page 20: Up-Regulation and Down-Regulation of Receptors
Page 21: Dose-Reponse Curves
Page 22: Potency
Page 22: Efficacy
Page 23: Inverse Agonists
Page 24: Antagonists: Surmountable (Reversible) and Nonsurmountable (Irreversible)
Page 25: Route of Administration
Page 26: First-Pass Effect
Page 27: Membrane Transport
Page 28: Distribution
Page 29: Barriers
Page 30: Metabolism (Biotransformation) of Drugs
Page 31: Cytochrome P-450 (CYP450)
Page 32: Metabolic Enzyme Induction and Inhibition
Page 33: Elimination

2: Autonomic and Somatic Nervous … (18 images)

Page 36: Organization of the Nervous System
Page 38: Interface of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Organization of the Somatic Division
Page 39: Neuromuscular Transmission
Page 40: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
Page 41: Physiology of the Neuromuscular Junction
Page 43: Mechanism of Action of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Page 44: Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: Nondepolarizing and Depolarizing
Page 45: Autonomic Nervous System-Schema
Page 46: Sympathetic Fight or Flight Response
Page 47: Cholinergic and Adrenergic Synapses
Page 48: Example of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Drug Treatment: Glaucoma
Page 49: Cholinergic Receptors
Page 50: Cholinergic Drugs
Page 51: Cholinergic Drugs
Page 52: Example of Cholinergic Drug Treatment: Myasthenia Gravis
Page 53: Adrenergic Receptors
Page 54: Adrenergic Drugs
Page 56: Drug Side Effects

3: Central Nervous System and Tre… (34 images)

Page 58: Development of the Nervous System
Page 59: Anatomy of the Nervous System
Page 60: Functional Correlations and Visualization of Brain Structures
Page 61: Resting Membrane and Action Potentials
Page 62: Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
Page 63: Central Nervous System Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Drug Targets
Page 64: GABAA Receptor Complex and Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
Page 65: Clinical Anxiety
Page 66: Anxiolytic Agents
Page 67: Causes of Seizures and Their Treatment
Page 68: Epilepsy: Generalized Seizures anad Status Epilepticus
Page 69: Epilepsy: Partial and Absence Seizures
Page 70: Epilepsy: Partial and Absence Seizures
Page 71: Clinical Depression
Page 72: Antidepressants: Mechanisms of Action
Page 73: Bipolar Disorder and Complusive Behavior
Page 74: Phychosis and Dopamine Pathways
Page 75: Motor Tracts, Basal Ganglia, and Dopamine Pathways
Page 76: Motor Tracts, Basal Ganglia, and Dopamine Pathways
Page 77: Parkinsonism: Symptoms and Defect
Page 78: Parkinsonism: Levodopa, Carbidopa, and Other Drugs
Page 79: Huntington Disease and Tourette Syndrome
Page 80: Alzheimer Disease: Symptoms, Course and Pathology
Page 81: Alzheimer Disease: Cholinergic Involvement and Drugs
Page 82: Alzheimer Disease: Cholinergic Involvement and Drugs
Page 83: Stroke: Symptoms and Drug Treatmtent
Page 84: Motor Neurons and Drugs
Page 85: Pain Pathways
Page 86: Local Anesthetics: Spinal Afferents and Local Anesthetic Mechanisms of Action
Page 87: General Anesthetics: Properties
Page 88: Opioids: Endogenous Opioid Pathway
Page 89: Opioids: Receptor-Transduction Mechanisms
Page 90: Nonopioids: NSAIDs, Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors, and Acetaminophen
Page 91: Sumatriptans and Reuptake Inhibitors

4: Cardiovascular System (32 images)

Page 94: Cardiovascular Function: Anatomy
Page 95: Cardiovascular Function: Definition of Terms and Regulation
Page 96: Role of Catecholamines in Heart Function
Page 97: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Regulation of Heart Function
Page 98: Synthesis and Storage of Catecholamines
Page 99: Regulation of Norepinephrine Release
Page 100: Inactivation of Norepinephrine
Page 101: Hypercholestoerolemia: Causes
Page 102: Hypercholestoerolemia: Pharmacologic Therapy
Page 103: Angina Overview
Page 104: Nitrates for Angina Treatment: Classes, Administration Routes, Pharmacology, and Adverse Effects
Page 105: Nitroglycerin in Angina Treatment
Page 106: Nitroglycerin: Mechanism of Action
Page 107: Calcium Channel Antagonists
Page 109: Heart Failure Overview
Page 110: Heart Failure: Treatment
Page 111: Heart Failure Treatment: β-adrenergic Stimulators and Blockers
Page 112: Heart Failure Treatment: Cardiac Glycosides
Page 113: Cardiac Arrhythmias: General
Page 114: Cardiac Arrhythmias: General
Page 117: Cardiac Arrhythmias: Drug Classification
Page 118: Hypertension Overview
Page 119: Hypertension: Causes
Page 120: Hypertension Treatment: Diuretics
Page 121: Hypertension Treatment: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Page 122: Hypertension Treatment: Beta and Alpha Blockers
Page 123: Hypertension Treatment: Minoxidil
Page 124: Hypertension Treatment: Clonidine
Page 125: Hypertension in Elderly Patients
Page 126: Pheochromocytoma-Induced Hypertension
Page 127: Hypertension in Cushing Syndrome
Page 128: Peripheral Vascular Disease

5: Endocrine System (38 images)

Page 130: Regulation of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones
Page 131: Regulation of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones
Page 132: Hypopituitarism
Page 133: Growth Hormone Deficiency and Treatment
Page 134: Growth Hormone Excess (Acromegaly) and Treatment
Page 135: Thyroid Hormones
Page 136: Thyroid Hormones: Synthesis, Release, and Regulation
Page 137: Hypothyroidism
Page 138: Hypothyroidism: Treatment of Choice
Page 139: Liothyronine, and T4/T3 Combinations
Page 140: Hyperthyroidism
Page 141: Hyperthyroidism: Treatment
Page 142: Thioamides
Page 143: Thioamides: Adverse Effects
Page 144: Radioactive Iodine
Page 145: Iodide
Page 146: Adrenergic Antagonists
Page 147: Regulation of Adrenal Hormone
Page 148: Mineralcorticoids and Glucocortocoids
Page 149: Corticosteroids
Page 150: Cushing Syndrome
Page 151: Ketoconazole
Page 152: Metyrapone
Page 153: Aminoglutethimide
Page 154: Addison's Disease, or Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Page 155: The Pancrease and Insulin Production
Page 156: Insulin Secretion
Page 157: Lack of Insulin
Page 158: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Page 159: Type 2 Diabetes
Page 160: Insulin Therapy
Page 161: Reactions to Insulin: Hypoglycemia and Adipose Tissue Changes
Page 162: Sulfonylureas
Page 163: Biguanides
Page 164: Meglitinides
Page 165: Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Page 166: Thiazolidinediones
Page 167: Thiazolidinediones: Clinical Rationale and Adverse Effects

6: Disorders of the Gastrointesti… (33 images)

Page 170: Enteric Nervous System
Page 171: Integration of Autonomic and Enteric Nervous System
Page 172: Gastrointestinal Motility
Page 173: Gastrointestinal Motility
Page 174: Control of Peristalsis
Page 175: Hormones of Gastrointestinal Tract
Page 176: Parietal Cell Function Regulation
Page 177: Pancreatic Secretion
Page 178: Defecation
Page 179: Protein Digestion
Page 180: Fat Digestion
Page 181: Colonic Motility and Treatment of Diarrhea
Page 182: Antidiarrheal Drugs and Their Adverse Effects
Page 183: Causes of Constipation
Page 184: Treatment of Constipation
Page 185: Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Page 187: Giardiasis
Page 188: Helicobacter Pylori Infection Overview
Page 189: Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection
Page 190: Peptic Ulcer Treatment
Page 191: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Page 192: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Treatment
Page 193: Treatment of Pancreatis
Page 194: Treatment of Pancreatis
Page 195: Pathologic Features of Gallstones
Page 196: Gallstone Pathogenesis and Treatment
Page 197: Liver Function
Page 198: Bilirubin Production and Excretion
Page 199: Cirrhosis
Page 200: Ascites
Page 201: Ascites
Page 202: Physiology of Emesis
Page 204: Antiemetics

7: Disorders of the Respiratory S… (37 images)

Page 206: Respiration Overview
Page 207: Respiratory Diseases
Page 208: Allergy
Page 209: Leukocyte Function
Page 210: Allergic Rhinitis
Page 211: Introduction to Asthma
Page 212: Extrinsic And Intrinsic Asthma
Page 213: Extrinsic And Intrinsic Asthma
Page 214: Asthma Pharmacology
Page 215: Anti-IgE Antibodies
Page 216: Mast Cell Degranulation Blockers
Page 217: Bronchodilators
Page 218: Methylxanthines
Page 219: Methylxanthines: Adverse Effects
Page 220: Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
Page 221: Nonselective Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
Page 222: Selective β₂-Adrenergic Agonists
Page 223: Antimuscarinic Antagonists
Page 224: Corticosteroids
Page 225: Corticosteriods: Clinical Uses
Page 226: Corticosteriods: Adverse Effects
Page 227: Leukotrienes
Page 228: Leukotriene Antagonists
Page 229: Cough
Page 230: Cough Suppressants (Antitussive Agents)
Page 231: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Page 232: Emphysema
Page 233: Emphysema Causes
Page 234: Inherited Emphysema
Page 235: Chronic Bronchitis
Page 236: COPD General Treatment Measures
Page 237: COPD Specific Drug Treatments
Page 238: Restrictive Pulmonary Disease
Page 239: Pneumonia Overview
Page 241: Viral Pneumonia
Page 242: Viral Pneumonia
Page 243: Bacterial Pneumonia

8: Reproductive System (25 images)

Page 246: Organization of the Reproductive System
Page 247: Regulation of Estrogen and Testosterone
Page 248: Events of the Normal Menstrual Cycle
Page 249: Combination Oral Contraceptives
Page 250: Major Adverse Effects of Combination Oral Contraceptives
Page 251: Estrogen and Coagulation
Page 252: Progestin-Only Contraceptives
Page 253: The Morning-After Pill
Page 254: The Abortion Pill
Page 255: Endometriosis
Page 256: Danazol
Page 257: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists, Combination Oral Contraceptives, and Progestin
Page 258: Estrogen Decline
Page 259: Vasomotor Symptoms
Page 260: Genitourinary Atrophy
Page 261: Osteoporosis and Estrogen
Page 262: Role of Progestins in Hormone Replacement Therapy
Page 263: Route of Hormone Administration
Page 264: General Adverse Effects
Page 265: Cardiovascular and Neurologic Risks
Page 266: Cancer Risks
Page 267: Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
Page 268: Antiestrogens
Page 269: Hypogonadism
Page 270: Hypogonadism Treatment and Adverse Effects

9: Renal Function (24 images)

Page 272: Microscopic Anatomy
Page 273: The Nephron
Page 274: Blood Vessels Surrounding Nephrons
Page 275: The Glomerulus
Page 276: Practical Application: Measuring the Glomerular Filtration Rate
Page 277: Tubular Segments
Page 278: Ion and Water Reabsorption
Page 279: Bicarbonate Reabsorption
Page 280: Potassium Excretion
Page 281: Antidiuretic Hormone
Page 282: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Page 283: General Considerations: Volume Homeostasis
Page 284: General Considerations: Volume Homeostasis
Page 285: Mercurial Diuretics
Page 286: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Page 287: Thiazide Diuretics
Page 288: Potassium-Sparing Agents
Page 289: Loop (High-Ceiling) Diuretics
Page 290: Osmotic Agents
Page 291: Summary of Therapeutics
Page 293: Urinary Incontinence
Page 294: Urinary Tract Calculi (Kidney Stones)
Page 295: Effect of Renal Insufficiency on Drug Action
Page 296: Effect of hemodialysis

10: Infectious Disease (34 images)

Page 298: Classification of Antibiotics
Page 301: Mechanism of resistance
Page 302: Examples of Resistance
Page 303: Natural Penicillins: Penicillin G and Penicillin V
Page 304: Aminopenicillins: Amoxicillin and Ampicillin
Page 305: Antipsuedomonal Penicillins
Page 306: Beta-lactamase Inhibitors
Page 307: Beta-lactamase Resistant Penicillins: Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Oxacillin, and Nafcillin
Page 308: Adverse Effects of Penicillins
Page 309: Cephalosporins
Page 310: Carbapenems: Imipenem-Cilastatin, Ertapenem, and Meropenem
Page 311: Monobactams: Aztreonam
Page 312: Vancomycin
Page 313: Vancomycin Treatment Difficulties: Resistance and Adverse Effects
Page 314: Tetracyclines
Page 315: Aminoglycosides
Page 316: Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin, and Clarithromycin
Page 317: Clindamycin
Page 318: Quinolones
Page 320: New Generation Quinolones
Page 322: Linezolid
Page 323: Sulfaonamides
Page 324: Nature of Fungal Infections and Therapy
Page 325: Amphotericin B
Page 326: Azole Antifungal Agents and Other Antifungal Agents
Page 327: Nature of Viral Infections
Page 328: Herpesvirus
Page 329: Acyclovir and Famciclovir
Page 330: Ganciclovir
Page 331: Influenza and Its Treatment
Page 332: HIV Infection
Page 333: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) and Non-NRTIs
Page 334: Protease Inhibitors
Page 335: Other Antiretrovial Agents for AIDS: Tenofovir and Enfuvirtide

11: Neoplastic Disorders (26 images)

Page 338: Cell Cycle
Page 339: Combination Chemotherapy
Page 340: Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy
Page 341: Folate Analogs: Methotrexate
Page 342: Purine Analogs: Mercaptopurine and Thioguanine
Page 343: Pyrimidine Analogs: 5-Fluoruoracil
Page 344: Pyrimidine Analogs: Capecitabine
Page 345: Pyrimidine Analogs: Cytarabine and Fludarabine
Page 346: Pyrimidine Analogs: Gemcitabine
Page 347: Substituted Ureas: Hydroxyurea
Page 348: Nitrogen Mustards: Mecholorthamine and Melphalan
Page 349: Cyclophosphamide and Ifosfamide
Page 350: Nitrosoureas: Carmustine and Lomustine
Page 351: Platinum Compounds: Cisplatin, Carboplatin, and Oxaliplatin
Page 352: Vinca Alkaloids: Vincrisitne, Vinblastine, and Vinorelbine
Page 353: Taxanes
Page 354: Anthracyclines: Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin
Page 355: Estrogen Antagonists: Tamoxifen and Toremifene
Page 356: Aromatase Inhibitors: Anastrozole, Letrozole, and Exemestane
Page 357: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists: Leuprolide and Goserelin
Page 358: Antiandrogens: Flutamide, Bicalutamide, and Nilutamide
Page 359: Unconjugated Antibodies: Trastuzumab, Alemtuzumab, and Rituximab
Page 360: Conjugated Antibodies: Ibritumomab Tiuxetan and Tositumomab and Iodine I 131 Tositumomab
Page 361: Imatinib Mesylate
Page 362: Gefitinib
Page 363: Bortezomib

12: Skin Disorders (5 images)

Page 366: Anatomy of the Skin
Page 367: Alopecia
Page 368: Bullous (Blister) Skin Diseases
Page 370: Psoriasis
Page 371: Scabies and Pediculosis

13: Vitamins: Deficiencies and Dru… (6 images)

Page 374: Deficiency of Vitamin A (Retinol) and Other Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Page 375: Deficiency of Thiamine (B₁) and Other B Vitamins
Page 376: Niacin or Nicotinic Acid Deficiency (Pellagra)
Page 377: Vitamin C deficiency (Scurvy)
Page 378: Fat-Soluable Vitamin-Drug Interactions
Page 379: Water-Soluable Vitamin-Drug Interactions

14: Drug Allergy, Abuse, and Poiso… (17 images)

Page 382: Allergic Reactions to Drugs
Page 383: Type 1 (Acute, Anaphylactic) Reactions
Page 384: Type 2 (Cytotoxic, Autoimmune) Reactions
Page 385: Type 3 (Immune Complex, Serum Sickness, Arthus) Reactions
Page 386: Type 4 (Cell-Mediated, Delayed-Hypersensitivity, Contact Dermatitis) Reactions
Page 387: Brain Reward Circuit
Page 388: Ethanol: Deleterious Effects
Page 389: Ethanol Abuse: Treatment
Page 390: Withdrawl: Opioids, Benzodiazepams, and Barbiturates
Page 391: Withdrawl: Opioids, Benzodiazepams, and Barbiturates
Page 392: Sympathomimetic Drugs
Page 393: Cholergenic Drugs
Page 394: Anticholergenic Drugs
Page 395: Serotonergics
Page 396: Opioids
Page 397: Over-the-Counter Products
Page 398: Management of Poisoning and Overdose

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