Orthopaedic Clinical Examination - Cleland 1E

An Evidence-Based Approach for Physical Therapists

Author: Joshua Cleland

ISBN: 9781929007875

1: The Reliability and Diagnostic… (pages 2-25, 7 images)

Page 9: Specificity of Diagnostic Test
Page 10: Specificity of Diagnostic Test
Page 12: Fagan's Nomogram
Page 16: Nomogram Representing the Change In Pretest Probability
Page 16: Probability and Likelihood Ratios
Page 18: Positive Likelihood Ratio
Page 19: Positive Likelihood Ratio

2: Identification and Analysis of… (pages 26-39, 1 images)

Page 32: Flow Chart of a Recommended Sequence of Carrying Out a Study of Diagnostic Accuracy

3: Temporomandibular Joint (pages 40-91, 37 images)

Page 40: Bony Framework of Head and Neck
Page 41: Mandible
Page 42: Lateral Skull
Page 43: Temporomandibular Joint
Page 44: Temporomandibular Joint Mechanics
Page 45: Temporomandibular Joint Ligaments
Page 46: Muscles Involved in Mastication
Page 47: Muscles Involved in Mastication
Page 48: Posterior and Lateral Muscles Involved in Mastication
Page 49: Posterior and Lateral Muscles Involved in Mastication
Page 50: Floor of Mouth
Page 51: Floor of Mouth
Page 52: Mandibular Nerve
Page 53: Mandibular Nerve
Page 55: Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Temporomandibular Joint
Page 59: Palpation of the Medial Pterygoid
Page 59: Palpation of the Masseter
Page 59: Palpation of the Temporalis
Page 59: Posterior Palpation of the Temporomandibular Joint Through External Auditory Means
Page 59: Lateral Palpation of the Temporomandibular Joint
Page 61: Assessment of Pain During Passive Opening
Page 62: Temporomandibular Traction
Page 63: Detecting Joint Sounds During Active Motion in Patients With Temporomandibular Disorders
Page 64: Joint Play and End-Feel Assessment of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Page 67: Bilateral Temporomandibular Compression
Page 68: Palpation of the Temporalis Muscle
Page 70: The Association of Oral Habits With Temporomandibular Disorders
Page 71: Differentiating Between Patients With and Without Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
Page 72: Detecting Osteoarthrosis in the Temporomandibular Joint
Page 75: Detecting Anterior Disc Displacement of the Temporomandibular Joint
Page 81: Accuracy of Combined Tests for Detecting Anterior Disc Displacement with Reduction
Page 83: Combined Tests for Detecting Anterior Disc Displacement Without Reduction
Page 84: Diagnostic Criteria for Detecting Intra-articular Temporomandibular Disorders
Page 85: Accuracy of Clinical Criteria for Classifying Internal Derangement and Arthrosis
Page 86: Identifying Patients with Craniomandibular Pain
Page 87: Identifying Patients with Craniomandibular Pain
Page 87: Identifying Patients with Craniomandibular Pain

4: Cervical Spine (pages 92-141, 38 images)

Page 92: Bony Framework of Head and Neck
Page 93: Cervical Vertebrae
Page 94: Joints of the Cervical Spine
Page 95: Joints of the Cervical Spine
Page 96: Ligaments of the Atlanto-occipital Joint
Page 98: Spinal Ligaments
Page 101: Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Page 103: Suprahyoids/Infrahyoids
Page 105: Scalene and Prevertebral Muscles
Page 107: Posterior Muscles of the Neck
Page 109: Nerves of the Neck
Page 112: Positioning of Inclinometer to Measure Flexion and Extension
Page 112: Measurement of Flexion
Page 112: Measurements of Extension
Page 112: Positioning of Inclinometer to Measure Side Bending
Page 112: Measurement of Side Bending to the Right
Page 115: Testing Rotation of C1-C2
Page 115: Testing Stiffnes of 1st Rib
Page 117: Testing Side Bending of C5-C6
Page 118: Testing Flexion with Overpressure
Page 118: Testing Side Bending with Overpressure
Page 121: Cervical Compression Test
Page 122: Neck Distraction Test
Page 122: Traction Test
Page 123: Shoulder Abduction Test
Page 126: Cervical Zygapophyseal Pain Syndromes
Page 127: Cervical Zygapophyseal Pain Syndromes
Page 127: Posteroanterior Central Glides to the Mid Cervical Spine
Page 128: Cervical Radiculopathy
Page 129: Spurling A Test
Page 129: Spurling B Test
Page 131: Cervical Radiculopathy: Pin-Prick Sensation Testing
Page 132: Cervical Radiculopathy: Muscle Stretch Reflexes
Page 135: Upper Limb Tension Test A
Page 135: Upper Limb Tension Test B
Page 136: Cervical Instability
Page 137: Sharp-Purser Test
Page 138: Cervical Cord Compression

5: Thoracolumbar Spine (pages 142-201, 38 images)

Page 142: Thoracic Vertebrae
Page 143: Lumbar Vertebrae
Page 144: Sternocostal Articulations: Anterior View
Page 144: T7, T8, and T9 vertebrae: Posterior View
Page 145: Joints of the Thoracic Spine
Page 146: Joints of the Lumbar Spine
Page 147: Costovertebral Ligaments
Page 148: Thoracolumbar Ligaments
Page 151: Thoracolumbar Muscles: Superficial Layers
Page 153: Thoracolumbar Muscles: Intermediate Layer
Page 155: Thoracolumbar Muscles: Deep Layer
Page 156: Muscles of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Page 157: Thoracolumbar Fascia
Page 158: Nerves of the Thoracic Spine
Page 159: Nerves of the Lumbar Spine
Page 161: Nerves of the Lumbar Spine
Page 163: Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joint Pain Referral Patterns
Page 163: Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joint Pain Referral Patterns
Page 165: Lumbar Zygapophyseal Joint Pain Referral Patterns
Page 168: Inclinometer Placement at the Spinous Process of the 12th Thoracic Vertebra
Page 169: Measurement of Thoracolumbar Flexion
Page 169: Measurement of Thoracolumbar Extension
Page 170: Assessment of Posteroanterior Segmental Mobility
Page 173: Flexion-Side Bending-Rotation
Page 173: Extension-side Bending-Rotation
Page 175: Motion Palpation of Side Bending Right
Page 175: Motion Palpation Seated
Page 176: Centralization Phenomena
Page 179: Prone Instability Test
Page 179: Prone Instability Test
Page 180: Straight-Leg Raise (SLR)
Page 183: Strength Testing of Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle
Page 183: Pin-Prick Test
Page 185: Passive Intervertebral Mobility Testing Rotation
Page 188: Lumbosacral Radiculopathy: Physical Examination
Page 191: Straight-Leg Raise (SLR)
Page 191: Straight-Leg Raise (SLR) with Sensitizing Maneuver of Vervical Flexion
Page 193: Ankylosing Spondylitis: History

6: Sacroiliac Region (pages 202-239, 24 images)

Page 202: Sacroiliac Region
Page 203: Sacrum and coccyx
Page 204: Hip (Coxal) Bone
Page 205: Sex Differences of Pelvis
Page 206: Sacroiliac Joint
Page 207: Sacroiliac Region Ligaments
Page 208: Sacroiliac Region Muscles
Page 209: Sacroiliac Dysfunction
Page 211: Sacroiliac Region Nerves
Page 212: Sacroiliac Joint Pain Referral Patterns
Page 213: Prone Knee Bend Test
Page 213: Prone Knee Bend Test
Page 215: Assessment of Iliac Crest Symmetry in Standing
Page 217: Standing Flexion Test
Page 219: Distraction Test
Page 221: Patrick Test
Page 222: Sacral Thrust Test
Page 225: Thigh Thrust
Page 226: Compression Test
Page 228: Gaenslen Test
Page 229: Gillet Test
Page 230: Spring Test
Page 231: Resisted Abduction of the Hip
Page 235: Indentifying Patients Likely to Benefit from Spinal Manipulation

7: Hip and Pelvis (pages 240-271, 28 images)

Page 240: Hip (Coxal) Bone and Femur
Page 241: Hip and Pelvis Joints
Page 242: Ligaments of Hip and Pelvis
Page 245: Posterior Muscles of Hip and Thigh
Page 246: Anterior Muscles of Thigh
Page 249: Nerves of Thigh
Page 250: Nerves of Thigh
Page 251: Passive Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Knee
Page 251: Passive Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Knee
Page 253: Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Hip
Page 253: Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Hip
Page 255: Range-of-Motion Measurements: Iliotibial Band Length (Modified Ober Test)
Page 255: Range-of-Motion Measurements: Iliotibial Band Length (Ober Test)
Page 257: Suspected Intra-articular Pathology: Flexion-Adduction-Internal Rotation Test (Click Test)
Page 257: Suspected Intra-articular Pathology: Anterior-Posterior Mobility Test
Page 258: Muscle Length Measurements with Bubble Inclinometer: External Rotators of the Hip
Page 258: Muscle Length Measurements with Bubble Inclinometer: Internal Rotators of the Hip
Page 259: Detecting Osteoarthritis of the Hip: Utility of the Historical Examination
Page 261: Determining Iliosacral Dysfunction: The Long Sitting Test
Page 261: Determining Iliosacral Dysfunction: The Long Sitting Test
Page 262: Detecting Osteoarthritis of the Hip: The Cyriax Capsular Pattern
Page 263: Detecting Osteoarthritis of the Hip: The Cyriax Capsular Pattern
Page 265: Detecting Acetabular Labral Tears: Internal Rotation-Flexion-Axial Compression Maneuver
Page 265: Detecting Acetabular Labral Tears
Page 266: Flexion-Adduction Test
Page 267: Avascular Necrosis of the Hip
Page 268: Detecting Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infants: Limited Hip
Page 269: Detecting Piriformis Syndrome: The FAIR Test

8: Knee (pages 272-321, 37 images)

Page 272: Knee
Page 272: Patella
Page 273: Femur
Page 273: Tibia and Fibula
Page 274: Sagittal Knee
Page 275: Posterior Ligaments of Knee
Page 276: Interior and Anterior Ligaments of Knee
Page 279: Anterior Muscles of Knee
Page 281: Lateral and Medial Muscles of Knee
Page 282: Nerves of Thigh and Knee
Page 283: Nerves of Thigh and Knee
Page 284: Nerves of Thigh and Knee
Page 287: Measurement of Active Knee Flexion Range of Motion
Page 288: Assessment of End-Feel for Knee Flexion
Page 290: Detecting Cardinal Signs of Inflammation of Knee: Fluctuation Test
Page 291: Palpation of Lateral Joint Line in Patients with Osteoarthritis of Knee
Page 291: Palpation of Medial Joint Line in Patients with Osteoarthritis of Knee
Page 292: Patients with Osteoarthritis of Kniee
Page 295: Testing Integrity of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Using Lachman Test
Page 296: Examination of Mediolateral Patellar Tilt
Page 297: Examination of Mediolateral Patellar Orientation
Page 298: Examination of Anterior or Posterior Patellar Tilt
Page 299: Examination of Patellar Rotation
Page 300: Quadriceps Angle Measurements
Page 301: A-Angle: The Relationship Between the Longitudinal Axis of the Patella and the Patellar Tendon
Page 302: Detecting Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures
Page 305: Detecting Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures: The Anterior Drawer Test
Page 307: Detecting Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures: Pivot Shift Test
Page 308: Detecting Posterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures: Posterior Drawer Test
Page 309: Detecting Fibular Collateral Ligament Ruptures: Varus Stress Test
Page 309: Detecting Tibial Collateral Ligament Ruptures
Page 310: Detecting Tibial Collateral Ligament Ruptures: Valgus Stress Test
Page 311: Detecting Meniscal Tears
Page 312: Detecting Meniscal Tears: McMurray Test with Internal Rotation of Tibia
Page 312: Detecting Meniscal Tears: McMurray Test with External Rotation of Tibia
Page 314: Diagnosing a Meniscal Lesion: Apley Grinding Test
Page 317: Types of Fractures of Distal Femur

9: Foot and Ankle (pages 322-365, 37 images)

Page 322: Bones of Foot
Page 323: Ankle
Page 324: Foot
Page 325: Posterior Ankle
Page 326: Lateral Ligaments ofAnkle
Page 327: Medial Ligaments of Ankle
Page 328: Plantar Ligaments of Foot
Page 329: Plantar Ligaments of Foot
Page 331: Lateral Muscles of Leg
Page 332: Posterior Muscles of Leg
Page 333: Dorsum of Foot
Page 334: Muscles of Sole of Foot, First Layer
Page 335: Muscles of Sole of Foot, Second Layer
Page 336: Muscels of Sole of Foot, Third Layer
Page 337: Interosseous Muscles of Sole of Foot
Page 338: Interosseous Muscles of Sole of Foot
Page 340: Tibial and Fibular Nerves
Page 341: Tibial and Fibular Nerves
Page 343: Measurements of Relaxed Calcaneal Stance Position
Page 345: Goniometric Measurements: Weight-Bearing Lunge Measurements of Ankle Dorsiflexion
Page 345: Goniometric Measurements: Measurement of Dorsiflexion with Modified Lunge Test
Page 346: Measurement of Navicular Height
Page 347: Assessment of Medial Arch Height: Measurement of Arch Angle
Page 348: Measuring Forefoot Position: Determination of Forefoot Varus and Valgus
Page 349: Proprioceptive Measures: Dorsiflexion-Compression Test
Page 351: Measuring Ankle Joint Swelling: Start of Figure-of-Eight Measurement
Page 351: Measuring Ankle Joint Swelling: Figure-of-Eight Measurement Continued
Page 351: Measuring Ankle Joint Swelling: Completed Figure-of-Eight Measurement
Page 353: Detecting Ligamentous Injuries: Tibiofibular Syndesmosis (Squeeze Test)
Page 355: Detecting Ligamentous Injuries of Lateral Ankle: Anterior Drawer Test
Page 357: Detecting Anterolateral Ankle Impingement: Impingement Sign, Dorsiflexion
Page 357: Detecting Anterolateral Ankle Impingement: Impingement Sign, Plantarflexion
Page 358: Detecting Achilles Tendon Tears: Calf Squeeze
Page 359: Detecting Plantar Fasciitis: Windlass Test, Weight Bearing
Page 359: Detecting Plantar Fasciitis: Windlass Test, Non-Weight Bearing
Page 360: Accuracy of the Functional Hallux Limitus Test to Predict Abnormal Excessive Midtarsal Function During Gait
Page 361: Ottawa Ankle Rules

10: Shoulder (pages 366-421, 46 images)

Page 366: Superior and Inferior Clavicle
Page 366: Humerus and Scapula
Page 367: Shoulder Joint
Page 368: Shoulder Joint
Page 369: Scapulohumeral Rhythm
Page 370: Shoulder Ligaments
Page 372: Posterior Muscles of Shoulder
Page 373: Anterior Muscles of Shoulder
Page 374: Muscles of Rotator Cuff
Page 375: Muscles of Rotator Cuff
Page 377: Anterior Axilla
Page 379: Shoulder Range-Of-Motion Measurements: Internal Rotation
Page 379: Shoulder Range-Of-Motion Measurements: External Rotation
Page 380: Measuring Internal Rotation: Hand Behind Back Method
Page 381: Shoulder Assessment Using Cyriax Schema
Page 382: Detecting Scapular Asymmetry During Static and Dynamic Activity: Lateral Slide Test Position 1
Page 383: Detecting Scapular Asymmetry During Static and Dynamic Activity: Lateral Slide Test Position 3
Page 383: Detecting Scapular Asymmetry During Static and Dynamic Activity: Lateral Slide Test Position 2
Page 385: Detecting Shoulder Instability: Load and Shift Test Anterior
Page 386: Classifying Shoulder Disorders
Page 387: Shoulder Instability
Page 388: Apprehension Test
Page 389: Relocation Test
Page 390: Anterior Release Test
Page 391: Detecting Labral Tears: Anterior Slide Test
Page 393: Detecting Labral Tears: Crank Test
Page 395: Detecting Labral Tears: Active Compression Test
Page 396: Detecting Labral Tears: Active Compression Test with External Rotation
Page 398: Detecting Labral Tears: SLA Prehension Test with Internal Rotation
Page 398: Detecting Labral Tears: SLA Prehension Test with External Rotation
Page 400: Detecting Subacromial Impingement: Hawkins and Kennedy Test
Page 401: Detecting Subacromial Impingement: Neer Test
Page 403: Detecting Subacromial Impingement: Horizontal Adduction Test
Page 403: Detecting Subacromial Impingement: Yocum Test
Page 404: Detecting Subacromial Impingement: Internal Rotation Resistance Strength Test (Resistance Against Internal Rotation)
Page 404: Detecting Subacromial Impingement: Internal Rotation Resistance Strength Test (Resistance Against External Rotation)
Page 405: Detecting Rotator Cuff Tears: Historical Examination
Page 407: Supraspinatus Tear: Empty Can
Page 407: Supraspinatus Tear: Full Can
Page 409: Infraspinatus or Teres Minor Tears: Hornblower's Sign
Page 409: Infraspinatus or Teres Minor Tears: Hornblower's Sign
Page 410: Subscapularis Tears: Internal Rotation Lag Sign, Negative Test
Page 410: Subscapularis Tears: Internal Rotation Lag Sign, Positive Test
Page 411: Detecting Biceps Tendon Lesions: Speed Test
Page 412: Rotator Cuff Tears (Unspecified Muscles)
Page 415: Detecting Acromioclavicular Lesions

11: Elbow and Forearm (pages 422-445, 20 images)

Page 422: Bones of Elbow
Page 422: Elbow
Page 423: Anterior and Posterior Opened Eblow Joint
Page 424: Ligaments of Elbow
Page 425: Ligaments of Forearm
Page 426: Anterior and Posterior Muscles of Arm
Page 427: Anterior and Posterior Muscles of Arm
Page 428: Supinators and Pronators of the Forearm
Page 429: Anterior Nerves of Forearm
Page 431: Range-of-Motion Measurements: Elbow Flexion and Extension
Page 432: Range-of-Motion Measurements: Measurement of Forearm Supination
Page 432: Range-of-Motion Measurements: Measurement of Forearm Pronation
Page 434: Grip Strength Testing in Patients With Lateral Epicondylalgia
Page 435: Classification on End-Feel for Elbow Flexion and Extension: Assessment of Extension End-Feet
Page 435: Classification on End-Feel for Elbow Flexion and Extension: Assessment of Flexion End-Feet
Page 437: Detecting Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: Tinel Sign
Page 439: Elbow and Flexion Test with Shoulders and Wrists in Neutral
Page 439: Elbow and Flexion Test with Shoulders in Neutral and Wrists in Extended
Page 439: Elbow and Flexion Test with Wrists Extended and Shoulders Abducted to 90 Degrees
Page 441: Posterolateral Rotatory Instability

12: Wrist and Hand (pages 446-500, 38 images)

Page 446: Bones of Wrist and Hand
Page 447: Bones of Wrist and Hand
Page 448: Wrist Joint
Page 449: Wrist Joint
Page 451: Palmar Ligaments of Wrist
Page 452: Posterior Ligaments of Wrist
Page 453: Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Ligaments
Page 455: Extensors of Wrist and Digits
Page 457: Flexors of Wrist and Digits
Page 458: Flexors of Wrist and Digits
Page 460: Intrinsic Muscles of Hand
Page 462: Median Nerve
Page 464: Radial Nerve in Forearm
Page 466: Range-of-Motion Measurements of Wrist: Flexion
Page 467: Range-of-Motion Measurements of Wrist: Extension
Page 467: Range-of-Motion Measurements of Wrist: Radial Deviation
Page 467: Range-of-Motion Measurements of Wrist: Ulnar Deviation
Page 468: Range-of-Motion Measurements of Fingers: Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Flexion
Page 469: Hand-Held Dynamometry: Measurement of Grip Strength
Page 471: Grip and Pinch Grip Testing: Measurement of Tripod Pinch Strength
Page 471: Grip and Pinch Grip Testing: Measurement of Tip Pinch Strength
Page 471: Grip and Pinch Grip Testing: Measurement of Key Pinch Strength
Page 472: Figure-of-Eight and Volumetric Measurements of Hand: Start
Page 472: Figure-of-Eight and Volumetric Measurements of Hand: Step 2
Page 473: Figure-of-Eight and Volumetric Measurements of Hand: Step 3
Page 473: Figure-of-Eight and Volumetric Measurements of Hand: Completed
Page 474: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Testing
Page 477: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Two-Point Discrimination
Page 479: Testing for Tenderness of Anatomical Snuff Box
Page 479: Scaphoid Fracture Test
Page 480: Acute Pediatric Wrist Fractures: Clinical Prediction Rule
Page 483: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Tinel Sign
Page 485: Detecting Carpal Instability
Page 487: Detecting Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Page 490: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Phalen Sign
Page 493: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Sensory Loss
Page 495: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Carpal Compression Test
Page 497: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Wrist Extension Test

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