Netter's Cardiology

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• Page 5: Pain of Myocardial Ischemia
• Page 6: Physical Examination: Left-Sided Cardiac Heart Failure
• Page 9: Physical Examination: General Inspection
• Page 10: Important Components of Cardiac Examination
• Page 12: Cardiac Auscultation: Precordial Areas of Auscultation
• Page 13: Maneuvers

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• Page 16: Atherogenesis: Fatty Streak Formation
• Page 17: Atherogenesis: Unstable Plaque Formation
• Page 18: Risk Factors in Coronary Heart Disease
• Page 19: Angina Pectoris
• Page 20: Intravascular Ultrasonography

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• Page 24: Transesophageal Echocardiography
• Page 25: Transesophageal Echocardiography
• Page 26: Exercise and Contrast Echocardiography
• Page 27: Cardiac MRI
• Page 27: Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography (PET).
• Page 28: Short-axis Late Gadolinium Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Image Taken at the Level of the Mid Ventricle
• Page 28: Computed Tomography (CT) Coronary Angiography
• Page 29: left-sided Heart Catheterization

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• Page 32: Electrocardiographic Leads and Reference Lines
• Page 33: Relation of Action Potential From the Various Cardiac Regions to the Body Surface ECG
• Page 33: Ectopic Atrial Rhythm
• Page 34: QRS Complex
• Page 35: U Wave
• Page 36: QT Abnormalities
• Page 37: Myocardial Ischemia, Injury, and Infarction
• Page 38: Arrhythmias

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• Page 42: Radiology and Angiocardiography
• Page 43: Radiology and Angiocardiography

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• Page 46: Transducer Positions in Echocardiographic Examination
• Page 47: Principles of Doppler Echocardiography

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• Page 52: Testing to Detect Myocardial Ischemia
• Page 52: Evaluation for Hemodynamically Significant Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) In Clinically Stable Patients
• Page 55: Pharmacologic Stress Nuclear Testing
• Page 57: Stress Nuclear Imaging by Single-Photon Emission CT (SPECT)
• Page 58: MUGA and Stress-MUGA Scanning

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• Page 62: Coronary Calcium Scoring
• Page 64: 3D Cardiac Computed Tomography Volume Rendering
• Page 64: Conventional Diagnostic Coronary Angiogram and Coronary Computed Tomography (CT) Angiogram
• Page 66: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart In Arbitrary Orientation
• Page 66: Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Transmural and Nontransmural Scars
• Page 67: Sarcoidosis: CMR Phase-sensitive Inversion Recovery
• Page 68: Blood Sequences Showing Left Atrial Myxoma

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• Page 72: Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Veins
• Page 72: Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Veins: Variations
• Page 73: Coronary Arteries: Arteriographic Views
• Page 74: Coronary Angiography
• Page 75: Angiographic Demonstration of Subclavian Steal
• Page 76: Simplified Approach to Management of Patients With Symptoms Suggestive of Coronary Ischemia

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• Page 82: Measurement of Left Ventricular Function Using Ventriculography
• Page 83: Examination of All Walls of the Left Ventricle
• Page 84: Simultaneous Pressure Tracings From the Left Ventricular Apex and Aorta In Aortic Stenosis

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• Page 86: Steps in the Progression of a Stable Plaque
• Page 86: Risk Factors in Coronary Heart Disease
• Page 87: Algorithm for Differential Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
• Page 88: The Degrees of Flow-limiting Atherosclerosis and Plaque Rupture
• Page 91: Plaque Rupture and Inflammation
• Page 92: Atherogenesis: Fatty Streak Formation
• Page 93: Intravascular Ultrasonogram of Coronary Atherosclerosis

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• Page 98: Chronic Stable Angina
• Page 99: Pain of Myocardial Ischemia
• Page 99: Types and Degrees of Coronary Atherosclerotic Narrowing or Occlusion
• Page 100: Hypercholesterolemic Xanthomatosis
• Page 101: Cardiac Risk Factors
• Page 102: Stress-ECG Testing to Detect Myocardial Ischemia
• Page 103: Management of Chronic Coronary Artery Disease In Clinically Stable Patients

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• Page 108: Atherogenesis: Unstable Plaque Formation
• Page 108: Manifestations of Myocardial Infarction
• Page 109: Pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndromes
• Page 110: Acute Coronary Syndromes
• Page 112: Algorithm for Differential Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

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• Page 116: Characteristics of Chest Pain in Myocardial Infarction
• Page 116: Pathophysiology of Acute Myocardial Ischemia
• Page 117: Electrocardiogram (ECG) Localization of ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction
• Page 118: Optimum Treatment of ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)
• Page 119: Acute Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) In the Management of Myocardial Infarction (MI) With ST-elevation (STEMI)
• Page 120: Recanalization of an Occluded Right Coronary Artery (RCA)

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• Page 124: Number of Patients Undergoing Coronary Bypass Surgery and Coronary Stent Procedures in the United States 1987-2008
• Page 124: Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: Vascular Access
• Page 125: Rotational Atherectomy
• Page 125: Distal Protection Device: Coronary Filter
• Page 125: Performance of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Stent Deployment
• Page 127: Intravascular Ultrasonography

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• Page 131: Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
• Page 133: Remote-access Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

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• Page 136: Classic Paradigm of Cardiogenic Shock
• Page 137: Angiographic Views of the Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
• Page 137: Structural Relationships of the Pericardium, Heart, Valves, and Fibrous Skeleton
• Page 138: Acute Coronary Intervention
• Page 139: Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation Pump
• Page 140: General Approach to Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI)

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• Page 146: Cardiac Remodeling Secondary to Volume Overload
• Page 147: Hypertension and Cardiomyopathy
• Page 147: Dilated Cardiomyopathy After Myocardial Infarction
• Page 148: Left Heart Failure and Pulmonary Congestion
• Page 148: Diphtheritic and Viral Myocarditis
• Page 149: Right-sided Heart Failure in a Patient With Dilated Cardiomyopathy
• Page 150: Simplified Diagnostic Algorithm for Heart Failure

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• Page 156: Anomalies of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
• Page 156: Heart Disease in Hypertension
• Page 157: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
• Page 158: Diagnostic Algorithm for Suspected Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

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• Page 162: Idiopathic and Infiltrative Causes of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
• Page 163: Endomyocardial Causes of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
• Page 165: Normal Cardiac Blood Flow During Inspiration and Expiration
• Page 166: Comparison of Normal and Pathologic Intracardiac Pressures
• Page 168: Doppler Flow Studies: Comparison of Mitral and Pulmonary Vein Flow Velocities
• Page 170: Diastolic Abnormalities in Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

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• Page 178: Interaction of Affected Proteins in DCM, HCM, and ARVC (Cardiac Muscle Cell)

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• Page 182: Septic Myocarditis
• Page 183: Myocarditis in Sarcoidosis and Scleroderma
• Page 183: Diptheric and Viral Myocarditis
• Page 184: Short-axis Imaging

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• Page 188: Cardiac Remodeling Secondary to Volume Overload
• Page 188: Diastolic Heart Failure Due to Hypertension
• Page 189: Left-Sided Heart Failure and Pulmonary Edema
• Page 190: Echo-Doppler Criteria for Assessment of Diastolic Function
• Page 191: Algorithm for Management of Heart Failure

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• Page 199: Technique of Orthotopic Biatrial Cardiac Transplantation
• Page 200: Technique of Bicaval Cardiac Transplantation
• Page 202: Ventricular Assist Device Selection
• Page 204: HeartMate XVE and II Left Ventricular Assist Systems

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• Page 208: Octopus Pot
• Page 209: Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

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• Page 217: Sinus Arrest and Sinus Block
• Page 217: Diagnostic Algorithm for Bradyarrhythmias
• Page 218: Atrioventricular Conduction Abnormalities
• Page 219: Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block
• Page 219: Complete Atrioventricular (AV) Block

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• Page 224: Representation of Dual-pathway Physiology
• Page 224: Typical Electrocardiographic Recordings and Anatomic Representation of the Common Supraventricular Tachycardias
• Page 225: Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia
• Page 226: Long RP Tachycardia With Inverted P Waves Highlighted By Arrow
• Page 227: Wolff-Parkinson-White Pattern With Delta Waves Highlighted By Arrows
• Page 228: Mechanism of Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia In Patients With the Wolff-Parkinson-White-Syndrome
• Page 228: Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome With Rapid Atrial Fibrillation
• Page 229: Diagnosis of Narrow-Complex Supraventricular Tachycardia
• Page 230: Effect of Adenosine on Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia, and Atrial Tachycardia

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• Page 234: Atrial Fibrillation
• Page 235: Complications of Atrial Fibrillation
• Page 237: Management and Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation
• Page 238: Surgical Management of Atrial Fibrillation

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• Page 242: Ventricular Tachycardia
• Page 243: Changes In QRS Morphology In Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)
• Page 243: Electrocardiographic Signs of Independent P-Wave Activity
• Page 244: New AVR Algorithm for Diagnosing Wide-complex Tachycardia
• Page 245: Management of Ventricular Tachycardia
• Page 246: Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)

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• Page 252: Treatment Algorithm for ICD-based Primary and Secondary Prevension of Sudden Cardiac Death
• Page 253: Sudden Cardiac Death
• Page 254: Epsilon Wave In Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia Or Cardiomyopathy
• Page 254: Mechanisms of Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)
• Page 255: Congenital Coronary Artery Anomalies

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• Page 263: Innervation of the Heart
• Page 264: Autonomic Dysfunction Causes Hemodynamic Abnormalities
• Page 265: Syncope: Diagnostic Evaluation
• Page 266: Flow Chart for the Diagnostic Approach to the Patient With Syncope

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• Page 272: Algorithm Detailing Evaluation of Patients with Bradycardia and Indications for Pacemaker Implantation
• Page 273: Benefit of Biventricular Pacing
• Page 274: Algorithm Detailing Evaluation of Patients With Sudden Cardiac Death And-or Tachyarrhythmias and Indications for Implantable Cardiac Defi Brillator (ICD) Implantation
• Page 275: Therapy for Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)
• Page 276: Implantable Cardiac Pacemaker
• Page 277: Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator

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• Page 280: Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia
• Page 281: Accessory Pathways (Aps) and Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia
• Page 283: Atrial flutter, Atrial Tachycardia, and Atrial Fibrillation

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• Page 290: Rheumatic and Nonrheumatic Causes of Aortic Stenosis
• Page 290: Anomalies of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
• Page 291: Aortic Stenosis
• Page 292: Two-dimensional Echocardiography and Doppler Analysis In a Patient With Aortic Stenosis
• Page 294: Algorithm for Clinical Approach to Severe Aortic Stenosis

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• Page 298: Aortic Regurgitation: Rheumatic Heart Disease
• Page 299: Aortic Regurgitation in Marfan's Syndrome
• Page 300: Aortic Regurgitation in Ankylosing Spondylitis
• Page 301: Manifestations of Aortic Insufficiency
• Page 303: Hemodynamics and Heart Sounds In Patients With Acute and Chronic Severe Aortic Regurgitation

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• Page 306: Mitral Stenosis
• Page 307: Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects of Mitral Stenosis
• Page 308: Mitral Regurgitation
• Page 309: Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects of Mitral Regurgitation
• Page 312: Bacterial Endocarditis in Mitral Valvular Disease

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• Page 314: Auscultation in Mitral Valve Prolapse
• Page 315: Diagnosis of Mitral Valve Prolapse

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• Page 320: Tricuspid Stenosis and-or Insufficiency
• Page 321: Right Atrial Enlargement
• Page 322: Pulmonary Valvular Stenosis and Atresia

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• Page 326: Infective Endocarditis: Remote Embolic Effects
• Page 326: Infective Endocarditis
• Page 327: Most Frequent Origins of Infective Endocarditis in Nonimmunocompromised Individuals
• Page 329: Echocardiography In the Diagnosis and Management of Infective Endocarditis (IE)

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• Page 334: Pulmonary Stenosis
• Page 335: Pulmonary Balloon Valvuloplasty
• Page 337: Effect of Valvuloplasty on Aortic Valve Area (AVA)
• Page 339: Aortic Balloon Valvuloplasty
• Page 340: Percutaneous Aortic Valve (Edwards Sapien and CoreValve) Replacement
• Page 342: Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty
• Page 346: Mitral Clip Procedure for Mitral Regurgitation
• Page 347: Coronary Sinus Devices for Mitral Regurgitation
• Page 348: Mitral Annuloplasty with the Mitralign System
• Page 349: Coapsys Device

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• Page 354: First Generation of Synthetic Prosthetic Valves
• Page 355: Second Generation of Synthetic Prosthetic Valves and Biologic Valves
• Page 356: Algorithm for Prosthesis Selection In Valvular Heart Disease
• Page 356: Chordal Transfer, Sliding Annuloplasty, and Ring Annuloplasty
• Page 357: Exposing the Mitral Valve Through the Interatrial Septum

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• Page 362: The Anatomy of the Pericardium
• Page 363: Diseases of Pericardium: Presentation and Treatment of Pericarditis
• Page 364: Diseases of Pericardium: Etiologies
• Page 365: ECG of Patient with Pericardial Disease
• Page 366: Diseases of Pericardium: Constrictive Pericarditis
• Page 368: Cardiac Tamponade

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• Page 372: Normal Cardiac Blood Flow During Inspiration and Expiration
• Page 373: Comparison of Normal and Pathologic Intracardiac Pressures
• Page 374: Constrictive Pericarditis
• Page 376: Comparison of Blood Flow in Constrictive Pericarditis and Pericardial Tamponade
• Page 377: Echo-Doppler Patterns in Pericardial Disease
• Page 378: Pressure-Volume Relationship of Pericardium

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• Page 386: Mechanisms of Angiogenesis
• Page 387: Mechanisms of Arteriogenesis and Development of Collateral Vessels

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• Page 390: Types of Arterial Noninvasive Tests
• Page 391: Diagnostic Techniques in Vascular Disease
• Page 392: Noninvasive Evaluation of Carotid Arteries
• Page 394: Algorithm for Evaluating Patients In Whom Renal Artery Stenosis Is Suspected
• Page 394: Abnormal Captopril Renal Scan and Angiogram in a Patient with Renal Artery Stenosis
• Page 395: Three-dimensional (3D) CT Volumetric Reconstruction
• Page 396: Rotational CT Reconstruction

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• Page 398: Factors Involved in the Control of Blood Pressure
• Page 399: Myocardial Fibrosis
• Page 400: Hypertension and Heart Failure (HF)
• Page 401: The Development of Heart Failure (HF) in Patients with Hypertension

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• Page 406: Renin-Angiotensin System
• Page 406: Etiologies of Renal Artery Disease Likely to Cause Hypertension
• Page 407: Etiology of Hypertension
• Page 408: Differential Renin-Aldosterone Concentrations
• Page 409: Aortorenal and Selective Renal Angiography (Transfemoral Approach)
• Page 410: Renal Revascularization
• Page 411: Transluminal Renal Angioplasty
• Page 412: Percutaneous Revascularization of Stenotic Renal Arteries

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• Page 414: Cerebrovascular Emboli Protection Devices
• Page 415: Interventional Approaches to Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Page 417: Interventional Approaches to Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Page 418: Multiterritorial Disease

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• Page 422: Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Embolism
• Page 423: Surgical Management of Aortic Aneurysm
• Page 425: Complications of Diabetic Vasculopathy and Neuropathy
• Page 426: Surgical Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease of Lower Extremity

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• Page 434: Transposition of Great Arteries
• Page 434: Interrupted Aortic Arch
• Page 435: Tetralogy of Fallot
• Page 436: Innervation of Heart: Schema
• Page 437: Pulmonary Vessel Complications of Left-to-Right Shunts
• Page 437: Clinical Characteristics of Too Much Pulmonary Flow (Pulmonary Volume Overload)
• Page 438: Anomalies of the Ventricular Septum

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• Page 442: Atrial Septal Defect
• Page 443: Ventricular Septal Defect
• Page 443: Atrioventricular Septal Defect
• Page 444: Coarctation of the Aorta
• Page 445: Tetralogy of Fallot
• Page 445: Pulmonary Atresia
• Page 446: Hypoplastic Left Heart

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• Page 448: Pulmonary Valvular Stenosis and Atresia
• Page 448: Balloon Atrial Septostomy for Transposition of the Great Arteries
• Page 449: Congenital Aortic Stenosis
• Page 450: Pulmonary Artery Stenosis
• Page 450: Coarctation of the Aorta
• Page 451: Patent Ductus Arteriosus
• Page 452: Atrial Septal Defects
• Page 453: Depiction of a Helex Septal Occluder for Catheter-based Closure of Atrial Septal Defects
• Page 453: Amplatzer Septal Occluder
• Page 454: Anatomic Features of Perimembranous and Muscular Ventricular Septal Defects

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• Page 458: Norwood Correction of Hypoplastic Left-sided Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
• Page 459: Norwood Correction of Hypoplastic Left-sided Heart Syndrome: Fontan Circulation
• Page 460: Transatrial Repair of Ventricular Septal Defect
• Page 461: Defects of the Atrial Septum
• Page 461: Endocardial Cusion Defects
• Page 462: Tetralogy of Fallot
• Page 463: Arterial Repair of Transposition of the Great Arteries
• Page 463: Truncus Arteriosus

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• Page 466: Systematic Approach to Tachyarrhythmia Diagnosis in Congenital Heart Disease
• Page 467: Tetralogy of Fallot
• Page 467: Tetralogy of Fallot
• Page 468: Transposition of the Great Vessels
• Page 469: Ebstein's Malformation
• Page 469: Tricuspid Atresia
• Page 469: Ebstein's Malformation
• Page 470: Postoperative Complete Heart Block

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• Page 474: Physiologic Effects of Exercise

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• Page 478: Pathogenesis and Clinical Course of Kawasaki Disease
• Page 478: Clinical Features of Kawasaki Disease
• Page 480: Cardiac Evaluation in Kawasaki Disease

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• Page 482: Anomalous Aortic Origin of Coronaries (AAOC)
• Page 483: Congenital Coronary Artery Anomalies
• Page 484: Surgical Procedures for Correction of Congenital Coronary Artery Anomalies

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• Page 490: Cardiovascular Adaptations to Pregnancy
• Page 496: Preeclampsia and Eclampsia

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• Page 501: Wave Reflection and Isolated Systolic Hypertension
• Page 504: Endarterectomy for Atherosclerosis of Extracranial Carotid Artery
• Page 505: Average Age at Which Different Arteries Require Revascularization

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• Page 508: Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
• Page 509: Myotonic Dystrophy
• Page 510: Myopathies Related to Disorders of Potassium Metabolism
• Page 512: Friedrich's Ataxia

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• Page 516: Acromegaly
• Page 517: The Hyperthyroid Heart
• Page 518: Cardiovascular Effects of Hypothyroidism and Myxedema
• Page 520: Cushing's Syndrome–Mineralocorticoid Hypertension
• Page 522: Primary Hyperaldosteronism–Mineralocorticoid Hypertension
• Page 523: Pheochromocytoma

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• Page 528: Extra-articular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Page 530: Ankylosing Spondylitis
• Page 531: Polymyositis–Dermatomyositis
• Page 532: Progressive Systemic Sclerosis with Lung Involvement

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• Page 536: Heart Tumors
• Page 536: Echocardiographic Image of a Right Atrial Tumor
• Page 539: Metastatic Tumors of the Heart

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• Page 543: Massive Pulmonary Embolization
• Page 545: Deep Venous Thrombosis
• Page 546: Pulmonary Embolism of Lesser Degree Without Infarction
• Page 547: Algorithm for Patients With Suspected High-risk Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PE)
• Page 548: Algorithm for Patients with Suspected Non-high-risk Pulmonary Embolism

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• Page 554: Substance Abuse and the Heart

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• Page 558: Cardiac Manifestation of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

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• Page 564: Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Page 566: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Page 567: Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

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• Page 572: Chemical Structures of Amphetamine, Phenteramine, and Fenfluramine
• Page 573: Chemical Structures of Serotonin, Ergotamine, Methysergide, and Pergolide

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• Page 576: Sudden Death In Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
• Page 578: Mechanism of Sudden Cardiac Death In Commotion Cordis
• Page 580: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Resulting From Aerobic Training
• Page 582: Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

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• Page 591: Cardiovascular Risk Prediction

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• Page 598: Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes
• Page 600: Cardiovascular Disease in Women and the Elderly

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• Page 604: Genetics in Cardiovascular Medicine
• Page 606: Normal, Mutant, and Polymorphic Gene Expression
• Page 607: Genetic and Environmental Factors in Cardiovascular Disease

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• Page 610: Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular Health
• Page 612: Secondary Prevention
• Page 615: Exercise Training in Heart Failure (HF)

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• Page 620: Metabolic Syndrome
• Page 621: Algorithm for Management of Lipid Goals
• Page 622: Nonpharmacologic Therapy for Management of Lipid Goals
• Page 623: Mechanism of Action of Lipid-Lowering Drugs

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• Page 629: Cardiovascular Effects of Air Pollutants