Orthopaedic Clinical Examination

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• Page 9: Specificity of Diagnostic Test
• Page 10: Specificity of Diagnostic Test
• Page 16: Probability and Likelihood Ratios
• Page 18: Positive Likelihood Ratio
• Page 19: Positive Likelihood Ratio

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• Page 32: Flow Chart of a Recommended Sequence of Carrying Out a Study of Diagnostic Accuracy

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• Page 40: Bony Framework of Head and Neck
• Page 41: Mandible
• Page 42: Lateral Skull
• Page 43: Temporomandibular Joint
• Page 44: Temporomandibular Joint Mechanics
• Page 45: Temporomandibular Joint Ligaments
• Page 46: Muscles Involved in Mastication
• Page 47: Muscles Involved in Mastication
• Page 48: Posterior and Lateral Muscles Involved in Mastication
• Page 49: Posterior and Lateral Muscles Involved in Mastication
• Page 50: Floor of Mouth
• Page 51: Floor of Mouth
• Page 52: Mandibular Nerve
• Page 53: Mandibular Nerve
• Page 55: Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Temporomandibular Joint
• Page 59: Lateral Palpation of the Temporomandibular Joint
• Page 59: Posterior Palpation of the Temporomandibular Joint Through External Auditory Means
• Page 59: Palpation of the Temporalis
• Page 59: Palpation of the Masseter
• Page 59: Palpation of the Medial Pterygoid
• Page 61: Assessment of Pain During Passive Opening
• Page 62: Temporomandibular Traction
• Page 63: Detecting Joint Sounds During Active Motion in Patients With Temporomandibular Disorders
• Page 64: Joint Play and End-Feel Assessment of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
• Page 67: Bilateral Temporomandibular Compression
• Page 68: Palpation of the Temporalis Muscle
• Page 70: The Association of Oral Habits With Temporomandibular Disorders
• Page 71: Differentiating Between Patients With and Without Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
• Page 72: Detecting Osteoarthrosis in the Temporomandibular Joint
• Page 75: Detecting Anterior Disc Displacement of the Temporomandibular Joint
• Page 81: Accuracy of Combined Tests for Detecting Anterior Disc Displacement with Reduction
• Page 83: Combined Tests for Detecting Anterior Disc Displacement Without Reduction
• Page 84: Diagnostic Criteria for Detecting Intra-articular Temporomandibular Disorders
• Page 85: Accuracy of Clinical Criteria for Classifying Internal Derangement and Arthrosis
• Page 86: Identifying Patients with Craniomandibular Pain
• Page 87: Identifying Patients with Craniomandibular Pain
• Page 87: Identifying Patients with Craniomandibular Pain

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• Page 92: Bony Framework of Head and Neck
• Page 93: Cervical Vertebrae
• Page 94: Joints of the Cervical Spine
• Page 95: Joints of the Cervical Spine
• Page 96: Ligaments of the Atlanto-occipital Joint
• Page 98: Spinal Ligaments
• Page 101: Anterior Muscles of the Neck
• Page 103: Suprahyoids/Infrahyoids
• Page 105: Scalene and Prevertebral Muscles
• Page 107: Posterior Muscles of the Neck
• Page 109: Nerves of the Neck
• Page 112: Positioning of Inclinometer to Measure Flexion and Extension
• Page 112: Measurement of Flexion
• Page 112: Measurements of Extension
• Page 112: Positioning of Inclinometer to Measure Side Bending
• Page 112: Measurement of Side Bending to the Right
• Page 115: Testing Rotation of C1-C2
• Page 115: Testing Stiffnes of 1st Rib
• Page 117: Testing Side Bending of C5-C6
• Page 118: Testing Flexion with Overpressure
• Page 118: Testing Side Bending with Overpressure
• Page 121: Cervical Compression Test
• Page 122: Neck Distraction Test
• Page 122: Traction Test
• Page 123: Shoulder Abduction Test
• Page 126: Cervical Zygapophyseal Pain Syndromes
• Page 127: Cervical Zygapophyseal Pain Syndromes
• Page 127: Posteroanterior Central Glides to the Mid Cervical Spine
• Page 128: Cervical Radiculopathy
• Page 129: Spurling A Test
• Page 129: Spurling B Test
• Page 131: Cervical Radiculopathy: Pin-Prick Sensation Testing
• Page 132: Cervical Radiculopathy: Muscle Stretch Reflexes
• Page 135: Upper Limb Tension Test A
• Page 135: Upper Limb Tension Test B
• Page 136: Cervical Instability
• Page 137: Sharp-Purser Test
• Page 138: Cervical Cord Compression

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• Page 142: Thoracic Vertebrae
• Page 143: Lumbar Vertebrae
• Page 144: Sternocostal Articulations: Anterior View
• Page 144: T7, T8, and T9 vertebrae: Posterior View
• Page 145: Joints of the Thoracic Spine
• Page 146: Joints of the Lumbar Spine
• Page 147: Costovertebral Ligaments
• Page 148: Thoracolumbar Ligaments
• Page 151: Thoracolumbar Muscles: Superficial Layers
• Page 153: Thoracolumbar Muscles: Intermediate Layer
• Page 155: Thoracolumbar Muscles: Deep Layer
• Page 156: Muscles of Anterior Abdominal Wall
• Page 157: Thoracolumbar Fascia
• Page 158: Nerves of the Thoracic Spine
• Page 159: Nerves of the Lumbar Spine
• Page 161: Nerves of the Lumbar Spine
• Page 163: Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joint Pain Referral Patterns
• Page 163: Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joint Pain Referral Patterns
• Page 165: Lumbar Zygapophyseal Joint Pain Referral Patterns
• Page 168: Inclinometer Placement at the Spinous Process of the 12th Thoracic Vertebra
• Page 169: Measurement of Thoracolumbar Flexion
• Page 169: Measurement of Thoracolumbar Extension
• Page 170: Assessment of Posteroanterior Segmental Mobility
• Page 173: Flexion-Side Bending-Rotation
• Page 173: Extension-side Bending-Rotation
• Page 175: Motion Palpation of Side Bending Right
• Page 175: Motion Palpation Seated
• Page 176: Centralization Phenomena
• Page 179: Prone Instability Test
• Page 179: Prone Instability Test
• Page 180: Straight-Leg Raise (SLR)
• Page 183: Strength Testing of Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle
• Page 183: Pin-Prick Test
• Page 185: Passive Intervertebral Mobility Testing Rotation
• Page 188: Lumbosacral Radiculopathy: Physical Examination
• Page 191: Straight-Leg Raise (SLR)
• Page 191: Straight-Leg Raise (SLR) with Sensitizing Maneuver of Vervical Flexion
• Page 193: Ankylosing Spondylitis: History

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• Page 202: Sacroiliac Region
• Page 203: Sacrum and coccyx
• Page 204: Hip (Coxal) Bone
• Page 205: Sex Differences of Pelvis
• Page 206: Sacroiliac Joint
• Page 207: Sacroiliac Region Ligaments
• Page 208: Sacroiliac Region Muscles
• Page 209: Sacroiliac Dysfunction
• Page 211: Sacroiliac Region Nerves
• Page 212: Sacroiliac Joint Pain Referral Patterns
• Page 213: Prone Knee Bend Test
• Page 213: Prone Knee Bend Test
• Page 215: Assessment of Iliac Crest Symmetry in Standing
• Page 217: Standing Flexion Test
• Page 219: Distraction Test
• Page 221: Patrick Test
• Page 222: Sacral Thrust Test
• Page 225: Thigh Thrust
• Page 226: Compression Test
• Page 228: Gaenslen Test
• Page 229: Gillet Test
• Page 230: Spring Test
• Page 231: Resisted Abduction of the Hip
• Page 235: Indentifying Patients Likely to Benefit from Spinal Manipulation

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• Page 240: Hip (Coxal) Bone and Femur
• Page 241: Hip and Pelvis Joints
• Page 242: Ligaments of Hip and Pelvis
• Page 245: Posterior Muscles of Hip and Thigh
• Page 246: Anterior Muscles of Thigh
• Page 249: Nerves of Thigh
• Page 250: Nerves of Thigh
• Page 251: Passive Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Knee
• Page 251: Passive Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Knee
• Page 253: Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Hip
• Page 253: Range-of-Motion Measurements of the Hip
• Page 255: Range-of-Motion Measurements: Iliotibial Band Length (Modified Ober Test)
• Page 255: Range-of-Motion Measurements: Iliotibial Band Length (Ober Test)
• Page 257: Suspected Intra-articular Pathology: Anterior-Posterior Mobility Test
• Page 257: Suspected Intra-articular Pathology: Flexion-Adduction-Internal Rotation Test (Click Test)
• Page 258: Muscle Length Measurements with Bubble Inclinometer: External Rotators of the Hip
• Page 258: Muscle Length Measurements with Bubble Inclinometer: Internal Rotators of the Hip
• Page 259: Detecting Osteoarthritis of the Hip: Utility of the Historical Examination
• Page 261: Determining Iliosacral Dysfunction: The Long Sitting Test
• Page 261: Determining Iliosacral Dysfunction: The Long Sitting Test
• Page 262: Detecting Osteoarthritis of the Hip: The Cyriax Capsular Pattern
• Page 263: Detecting Osteoarthritis of the Hip: The Cyriax Capsular Pattern
• Page 265: Detecting Acetabular Labral Tears: Internal Rotation-Flexion-Axial Compression Maneuver
• Page 265: Detecting Acetabular Labral Tears
• Page 266: Flexion-Adduction Test
• Page 267: Avascular Necrosis of the Hip
• Page 268: Detecting Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infants: Limited Hip
• Page 269: Detecting Piriformis Syndrome: The FAIR Test

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• Page 272: Knee
• Page 272: Patella
• Page 273: Femur
• Page 273: Tibia and Fibula
• Page 274: Sagittal Knee
• Page 275: Posterior Ligaments of Knee
• Page 276: Interior and Anterior Ligaments of Knee
• Page 279: Anterior Muscles of Knee
• Page 281: Lateral and Medial Muscles of Knee
• Page 282: Nerves of Thigh and Knee
• Page 283: Nerves of Thigh and Knee
• Page 284: Nerves of Thigh and Knee
• Page 287: Measurement of Active Knee Flexion Range of Motion
• Page 288: Assessment of End-Feel for Knee Flexion
• Page 290: Detecting Cardinal Signs of Inflammation of Knee: Fluctuation Test
• Page 291: Palpation of Lateral Joint Line in Patients with Osteoarthritis of Knee
• Page 291: Palpation of Medial Joint Line in Patients with Osteoarthritis of Knee
• Page 292: Patients with Osteoarthritis of Kniee
• Page 295: Testing Integrity of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Using Lachman Test
• Page 296: Examination of Mediolateral Patellar Tilt
• Page 297: Examination of Mediolateral Patellar Orientation
• Page 298: Examination of Anterior or Posterior Patellar Tilt
• Page 299: Examination of Patellar Rotation
• Page 300: Quadriceps Angle Measurements
• Page 301: A-Angle: The Relationship Between the Longitudinal Axis of the Patella and the Patellar Tendon
• Page 302: Detecting Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures
• Page 305: Detecting Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures: The Anterior Drawer Test
• Page 307: Detecting Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures: Pivot Shift Test
• Page 308: Detecting Posterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures: Posterior Drawer Test
• Page 309: Detecting Fibular Collateral Ligament Ruptures: Varus Stress Test
• Page 309: Detecting Tibial Collateral Ligament Ruptures
• Page 310: Detecting Tibial Collateral Ligament Ruptures: Valgus Stress Test
• Page 311: Detecting Meniscal Tears
• Page 312: Detecting Meniscal Tears: McMurray Test with Internal Rotation of Tibia
• Page 312: Detecting Meniscal Tears: McMurray Test with External Rotation of Tibia
• Page 314: Diagnosing a Meniscal Lesion: Apley Grinding Test
• Page 317: Types of Fractures of Distal Femur

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• Page 322: Bones of Foot
• Page 323: Ankle
• Page 324: Foot
• Page 325: Posterior Ankle
• Page 326: Lateral Ligaments ofAnkle
• Page 327: Medial Ligaments of Ankle
• Page 328: Plantar Ligaments of Foot
• Page 329: Plantar Ligaments of Foot
• Page 331: Lateral Muscles of Leg
• Page 332: Posterior Muscles of Leg
• Page 333: Dorsum of Foot
• Page 334: Muscles of Sole of Foot, First Layer
• Page 335: Muscles of Sole of Foot, Second Layer
• Page 336: Muscels of Sole of Foot, Third Layer
• Page 337: Interosseous Muscles of Sole of Foot
• Page 338: Interosseous Muscles of Sole of Foot
• Page 340: Tibial and Fibular Nerves
• Page 341: Tibial and Fibular Nerves
• Page 343: Measurements of Relaxed Calcaneal Stance Position
• Page 345: Goniometric Measurements: Weight-Bearing Lunge Measurements of Ankle Dorsiflexion
• Page 345: Goniometric Measurements: Measurement of Dorsiflexion with Modified Lunge Test
• Page 346: Measurement of Navicular Height
• Page 347: Assessment of Medial Arch Height: Measurement of Arch Angle
• Page 348: Measuring Forefoot Position: Determination of Forefoot Varus and Valgus
• Page 349: Proprioceptive Measures: Dorsiflexion-Compression Test
• Page 351: Measuring Ankle Joint Swelling: Start of Figure-of-Eight Measurement
• Page 351: Measuring Ankle Joint Swelling: Figure-of-Eight Measurement Continued
• Page 351: Measuring Ankle Joint Swelling: Completed Figure-of-Eight Measurement
• Page 353: Detecting Ligamentous Injuries: Tibiofibular Syndesmosis (Squeeze Test)
• Page 355: Detecting Ligamentous Injuries of Lateral Ankle: Anterior Drawer Test
• Page 357: Detecting Anterolateral Ankle Impingement: Impingement Sign, Dorsiflexion
• Page 357: Detecting Anterolateral Ankle Impingement: Impingement Sign, Plantarflexion
• Page 358: Detecting Achilles Tendon Tears: Calf Squeeze
• Page 359: Detecting Plantar Fasciitis: Windlass Test, Weight Bearing
• Page 359: Detecting Plantar Fasciitis: Windlass Test, Non-Weight Bearing
• Page 360: Accuracy of the Functional Hallux Limitus Test to Predict Abnormal Excessive Midtarsal Function During Gait
• Page 361: Ottawa Ankle Rules

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• Page 366: Superior and Inferior Clavicle
• Page 366: Humerus and Scapula
• Page 367: Shoulder Joint
• Page 368: Shoulder Joint
• Page 369: Scapulohumeral Rhythm
• Page 370: Shoulder Ligaments
• Page 372: Posterior Muscles of Shoulder
• Page 373: Anterior Muscles of Shoulder
• Page 374: Muscles of Rotator Cuff
• Page 375: Muscles of Rotator Cuff
• Page 377: Anterior Axilla
• Page 379: Shoulder Range-Of-Motion Measurements: Internal Rotation
• Page 379: Shoulder Range-Of-Motion Measurements: External Rotation
• Page 380: Measuring Internal Rotation: Hand Behind Back Method
• Page 381: Shoulder Assessment Using Cyriax Schema
• Page 382: Detecting Scapular Asymmetry During Static and Dynamic Activity: Lateral Slide Test Position 1
• Page 383: Detecting Scapular Asymmetry During Static and Dynamic Activity: Lateral Slide Test Position 3
• Page 383: Detecting Scapular Asymmetry During Static and Dynamic Activity: Lateral Slide Test Position 2
• Page 385: Detecting Shoulder Instability: Load and Shift Test Anterior
• Page 386: Classifying Shoulder Disorders
• Page 387: Shoulder Instability
• Page 388: Apprehension Test
• Page 389: Relocation Test
• Page 390: Anterior Release Test
• Page 391: Detecting Labral Tears: Anterior Slide Test
• Page 393: Detecting Labral Tears: Crank Test
• Page 395: Detecting Labral Tears: Active Compression Test
• Page 396: Detecting Labral Tears: Active Compression Test with External Rotation
• Page 398: Detecting Labral Tears: SLA Prehension Test with Internal Rotation
• Page 398: Detecting Labral Tears: SLA Prehension Test with External Rotation
• Page 400: Detecting Subacromial Impingement: Hawkins and Kennedy Test
• Page 401: Detecting Subacromial Impingement: Neer Test
• Page 403: Detecting Subacromial Impingement: Horizontal Adduction Test
• Page 403: Detecting Subacromial Impingement: Yocum Test
• Page 404: Detecting Subacromial Impingement: Internal Rotation Resistance Strength Test (Resistance Against External Rotation)
• Page 404: Detecting Subacromial Impingement: Internal Rotation Resistance Strength Test (Resistance Against Internal Rotation)
• Page 405: Detecting Rotator Cuff Tears: Historical Examination
• Page 407: Supraspinatus Tear: Empty Can
• Page 407: Supraspinatus Tear: Full Can
• Page 409: Infraspinatus or Teres Minor Tears: Hornblower's Sign
• Page 409: Infraspinatus or Teres Minor Tears: Hornblower's Sign
• Page 410: Subscapularis Tears: Internal Rotation Lag Sign, Negative Test
• Page 410: Subscapularis Tears: Internal Rotation Lag Sign, Positive Test
• Page 411: Detecting Biceps Tendon Lesions: Speed Test
• Page 412: Rotator Cuff Tears (Unspecified Muscles)
• Page 415: Detecting Acromioclavicular Lesions

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• Page 422: Bones of Elbow
• Page 422: Elbow
• Page 423: Anterior and Posterior Opened Eblow Joint
• Page 424: Ligaments of Elbow
• Page 425: Ligaments of Forearm
• Page 426: Anterior and Posterior Muscles of Arm
• Page 427: Anterior and Posterior Muscles of Arm
• Page 428: Supinators and Pronators of the Forearm
• Page 429: Anterior Nerves of Forearm
• Page 431: Range-of-Motion Measurements: Elbow Flexion and Extension
• Page 432: Range-of-Motion Measurements: Measurement of Forearm Supination
• Page 432: Range-of-Motion Measurements: Measurement of Forearm Pronation
• Page 434: Grip Strength Testing in Patients With Lateral Epicondylalgia
• Page 435: Classification on End-Feel for Elbow Flexion and Extension: Assessment of Extension End-Feet
• Page 435: Classification on End-Feel for Elbow Flexion and Extension: Assessment of Flexion End-Feet
• Page 437: Detecting Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: Tinel Sign
• Page 439: Elbow and Flexion Test with Shoulders and Wrists in Neutral
• Page 439: Elbow and Flexion Test with Shoulders in Neutral and Wrists in Extended
• Page 439: Elbow and Flexion Test with Wrists Extended and Shoulders Abducted to 90 Degrees
• Page 441: Posterolateral Rotatory Instability

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• Page 446: Bones of Wrist and Hand
• Page 447: Bones of Wrist and Hand
• Page 448: Wrist Joint
• Page 449: Wrist Joint
• Page 451: Palmar Ligaments of Wrist
• Page 452: Posterior Ligaments of Wrist
• Page 453: Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Ligaments
• Page 455: Extensors of Wrist and Digits
• Page 457: Flexors of Wrist and Digits
• Page 458: Flexors of Wrist and Digits
• Page 460: Intrinsic Muscles of Hand
• Page 462: Median Nerve
• Page 464: Radial Nerve in Forearm
• Page 466: Range-of-Motion Measurements of Wrist: Flexion
• Page 467: Range-of-Motion Measurements of Wrist: Extension
• Page 467: Range-of-Motion Measurements of Wrist: Radial Deviation
• Page 467: Range-of-Motion Measurements of Wrist: Ulnar Deviation
• Page 468: Range-of-Motion Measurements of Fingers: Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Flexion
• Page 469: Hand-Held Dynamometry: Measurement of Grip Strength
• Page 471: Grip and Pinch Grip Testing: Measurement of Tip Pinch Strength
• Page 471: Grip and Pinch Grip Testing: Measurement of Key Pinch Strength
• Page 471: Grip and Pinch Grip Testing: Measurement of Tripod Pinch Strength
• Page 472: Figure-of-Eight and Volumetric Measurements of Hand: Start
• Page 472: Figure-of-Eight and Volumetric Measurements of Hand: Step 2
• Page 473: Figure-of-Eight and Volumetric Measurements of Hand: Step 3
• Page 473: Figure-of-Eight and Volumetric Measurements of Hand: Completed
• Page 474: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Testing
• Page 477: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Two-Point Discrimination
• Page 479: Scaphoid Fracture Test
• Page 479: Testing for Tenderness of Anatomical Snuff Box
• Page 480: Acute Pediatric Wrist Fractures: Clinical Prediction Rule
• Page 483: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Tinel Sign
• Page 485: Detecting Carpal Instability
• Page 487: Detecting Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Page 490: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Phalen Sign
• Page 493: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Sensory Loss
• Page 495: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Carpal Compression Test
• Page 497: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Wrist Extension Test