Netter's Neurology

Author: H. Royden Jones, Jr., MD

ISBN: 9781929007066

Neurologic Examination

1: Clinical Neurologic Evaluation

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• Cranial Nerves: Distribution of Motor and Sensory Fibers
• Cranial Nerves: Nerves and Nuclei Viewed in Phantom from Behind
• Cranial Nerves: Schema of Nerves and Nuclei in Lateral Dissection
• Autonomic Innervation of Eye
• Visual Pathways: Retina to Occipital Cortex
• Effects of Increased Intracranial Pressure On Optic Disk and Visual Fields
• Control of Eye Movements
• Nystagmus
• Trigeminal Nerve Territories
• Facial Nerve Muscle Innervation
• Auditory Nerve Testing: Weber and Rinne Testing
• Test for Positional Vertigo
• Evaluation of the Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, and Accessory Nerves
• Various Gait Disorders
• Pyramidal System
• Primary Sites of Motor Disorders
• Dermal Segmentation
• Motor Tone Abnormalities
• Cerebral Afferent Pathways
• Muscle and Joint Receptors and Muscle Spindles
• Elicitation of the Babinski Sign
• Documentation of Various Types of Sensory Modalities in a Peripheral Neuropathy
• Somesthetic System: Body
• Thalamus and It's Multiple Nuclei

2: Cognitive and Language Evaluation

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• Superolateral Surface of Brain
• Cerebral Cortex: Localization of Function and Association Pathways
• Testing for Defects of Higher Cortical Function
• Dominant Hemisphere Language Dysfunction
• Nondominant Hemisphere Higher Cortical Dysfunction
• Occipital Lobe Functional Anatomy

Neuro-Ophthalmology

3: Retina and Optic Nerve

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• The Retina and Photoreceptors
• Retinal Architecture and Perimetry
• Anatomy of the Optic Nerve
• Optic Disc and Visual Field Changes in Glaucoma
• Multiple Sclerosis: Ocular Manifestations
• Giant Cell Arteritis: Ocular Manifestations

4: Optic Chiasm, Optic Tract, Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, and Optic Radiations

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• Anatomy and Relations of Optic Chiasm
• Disorders Affecting Optic Chiasm
• Visual Pathways: Retinal Projections to the Thalamus and the Brain Stem
• Optic Radiations
• Arteries of Brain: Inferior Views

5: Primary Visual Cortex

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• Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
• Visual Cortex
• Medial Aspect of the Cerebral Cortex
• Arterial Supply of Cerebral Cortex

6: Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor

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• Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Cerebral Aneurysms
• Ocular Complications of Diabetes
• Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV) and Abducent (VI) Nerves: Schema
• Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm Commpressing Cranial Nerve III

7: Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear

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• Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV) and Abducent Nerves (VI): Schema
• Nerves of Orbit

8: Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens

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• Nerves of Orbit
• Central Control of Eye Movements

Cranial Nerves

9: Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory

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• Olfactory Receptors
• Olfactory Pathways

10: Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal

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• Trigeminal Nerve (V): Schema
• Opthalmic (V1) and Maxillary (V2) Nerves Sensory
• Mandibular Nerve (V3) Sensory and Motor
• Cranial Nerve Nuclei in Brainstem: Schema
• Trigeminal Neuralgia
• Varicella Zoster with Probable Keratitis
• Acoustic Neurinoma Compressing Trigeminal Nerve

11: Cranial Nerve VII: Facial

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• Facial Nerve: Intracranial Course
• Facial Nerve (VII): Schema
• Cerebellopontine Angle Tumor
• Bell's Palsy
• Facial Nerve Branches and Parotid Gland

12: Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibular

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• Vestibular Receptors
• Causes of Vertigo: Classified by Region
• Canalith Repositioning (Epley Maneuver)

13: Cranial Nerve VIII: Auditory

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• Pathway of Sound Reception
• Afferent Auditory Pathways
• Hearing Test: Weber and Rinne

14: Cranial Nerves IX, X: Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

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• Neuroregulation of Deglutition
• Deglutition
• Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Schema
• Vagus Nerve (X): Schema

15: Cranial Nerve X, Vagus: Voice Disorders

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• Vagus Nerve (X): Schema
• Innervation of Larynx

16: Cranial Nerve XI: Spinal Accessory

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• Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema
• Cervical Plexus In Situ
• Clinical Findings in Cranial Nerve XI Damage

17: Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal

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• Hypoglossal Nerve (XII): Schema
• Hypoglossal Nerve Intermedullary Course
• Hypoglossal Nerve (CN-XII)

Headache

18: Primary and Secondary Headache

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• Pain: Sensitive Structures and Pain Referral
• Mechanisms in Migraine
• Migraine
• Cluster Headache and Chronic Paroxysmal Hernicrania
• Muscle Contraction Headache
• Giant-Cell (Temporal) Arteritis, Polymyalgia Rheumatica
• Cutaneous Nerves of Head and Neck
• Suboccipital Triangle

Cerebrovascular Disorders

19: Arterial Supply to the Brain and Meninges

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• Arteries to Brain and Meninges
• Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medial Views
• Arteries of Brain: Inferior Views

20: Ischemic Stroke

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• Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Embolism
• Role of Platelets in Arterial Thrombosis
• Extracranial Occlusive Disease of Vertebral and Subclavian Arteries
• Ocular Signs of Large Vessel Disease
• Occlusion of Middle and Anterior Cerebral Arteries
• Occlusion of Top of Basilar and Posterior Cerebral Arteries
• Ischemia in Vertebrobasilar Territory: Clinical Manifestations
• Cardiac Source of Cerebral Emboli
• Lacunar Infarction

21: Endarterectomy for Extracranial of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis

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• Endarterectomy for Extracranial of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis
• Cerebrovascular Emboli Protection Device

22: Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

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• Venous Sinuses of Dura Mater: Normal Venous Sinuses
• Deep and Subpendymal Veins of Brain
• Subpendymal Veins
• Veins of Posterior Cranial Fossa
• Cavernous Sinus and Its Cranial Nerves
• Intracranial Complications

23: Intracerebral Hemorrhage

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• Typical Sites of Cerebral Aneurysms
• Intracerebral Hemorrhage (Hypertensive): Pathogenesis
• Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Clinical Manifestations Related to Site

24: Cerebral Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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• Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Aneurysm Rupture
• Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Cerebral Aneurysms
• Typical Sites of Cerebral Aneurysms
• Giant Congenital Aneurysms
• Frontotemporal Approach for Internal Cartoid, Ophthalmic, Anterior Communicating, and Middle Cerebral Aneurysms
• Posterior Approach for Vertebral and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Aneurysms

Epilepsy and Syncope

25: Epilepsy and Syncope

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• Origin and Spread of Seizures
• Neuroimaging Studies
• Classification of Partial Seizures
• Electroencephalography
• Causes of Seizures
• Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
• Absence (Petit Mal) Seizures
• Status Epilepticus
• Syncope: Four-Step Management Approach

26: Surgical Treatments for Epilepsy

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• Preoperative Evaluation
• Resective Surgery

Sleep Disorders

27: Sleep Disorders

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• Sleep Disorders
• REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

Disorders of Consciousness

28: Coma

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• Glasgow Coma Scale
• Differential Diagnosis of Coma
• Initial Management of Severe Head Injuries
• Prognosis in Coma Related to Severe Head Injuries
• Persistent Vegetative State

29: Increased Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Herniation

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• Eye Movements With Increaased ICP
• Respiratory Exchange in Head Injury

30: Brain Death

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• Differential Dagnosis of Coma
• Hypoxic Brain Damage and Brain Death

Memory and Cognitive Disorders

31: Acute Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders

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• Delirium

32: Alzheimer Disease

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• Amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer Disease
• Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis in Alzheimer Disease
• Distribution of Pathology in Alzheimer Disease
• Paired Helical Filaments (PHFs) in Alzheimer Disease
• Possible Factors in Development and Progression of Alzheimer Disease
• Microscopic Pathology in Alzheimer Disease
• Gross Pathology in Alzheimer Disease
• Memory Circuits and Alzheimer Disease
• Corticocortical and Subcorticocortical Projection Circuits
• Risk Factors for Alzheimer Disease
• Alzheimer Disease: Clinical Manifestations, Progressive Phases
• Pharmacologic Management Options in Alzheimer Disease
• Daily Living Assessment and Nonpharmacologic Management in Alzheimer Disease

33: Dementia with Lewy Bodies

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• Dementia with Lewy Bodies

34: Frontotemporal Dementia

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• Lobar Dementias

35: Vascular Dementia

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• Vascular (Multi-infarct) Dementia

36: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy

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• Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy

Psychiatric Disorders

37: Major Depression

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• Major Depression

38: Bipolar Disorder

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• Bipolar Affective Disorder: Manic Episode

39: Schizophrenia

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• Schizophrenic Disorder

40: Obsessive-Compusive Disorder

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• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

41: Panic Disorder

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• Panic Disorder

42: Dysthymia

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• Dsythymia

43: Borderline Personality Disorder

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• Borderline Personality Disorder

44: Attention Deficit Disorder

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• Attention Deficit Disorder

45: Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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• Alcohol Abuse
• Alcohol Dependence
• Signs Suggestive of Alcohol Abuse
• Alcohol Withdrawal
• Opioid Withdrawal
• Benzodiazepine Withdrawal

46: Delirium

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• Delirium

Movement Disorders

47: Parkinson Disease

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• Parkinson Disease: Anatomy With Biochemical Pathways
• Neuropathy of Parkinson Disease
• Parkinsonism: Hypothesized Role of Dopa
• Clinical Signs of Parkinson Disease

48: Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes

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• Typical Posture of Patient With Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
• Tumors of the Pineal Region

49: Tremors

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• Tremor

50: Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

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• Medication-Induced Parkinsonism
• Chorea
• Tardive Dyskinesia

51: Dystonia

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• Torticollis
• Cerebral Palsy
• Catecholamine Synthesis

52: Myoclonus

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• Essential Myoclonus
• Lancet-Adams Syndrome (Posthypoxic Myoclonus)

53: Chorea

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• Chorea
• Choreiform Movements

54: Tic Disorders

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• Tourette Syndrome

55: Wilson Disease

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• Wilson Disease

57: Surgical Treatments for Movement Disorders

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• Surgical Management of Movement Dosorders

Gait Disorders and Dizziness

58: Gait Disorders

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• Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
• Parkinsonism: Successive Clinical Stages
• Ischemia in Vertebrobasilar Territory: Clinical Manifestations
• Neurodegenerative Disorders

Myelopathies

59: Anatomical Aspects of Myelopathies

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• Spinal Cord and Ventral Rami In Situ
• Spinal Membranes and Nerve Roots
• Spinal Nerve Origin: Cross Sections
• Relation of Spinal Nerve Roots to Vertebrae
• Spinal Cord Cross Sections: Fiber Tracts
• Major Descending Tracts and Ascending Pathways
• Cerebral Cortex: Efferent Pathways

60: Acute Myelopathies

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• Acute Spinal Cord Syndromes: Evolution of Symptoms
• Acute Spinal Cord Syndromes: Pathology, Etiology and Diagnosis
• Sensory Impairment Related to Level of Spinal Cord Injury

61: Chronic Myelopathies

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• Cervical Spondylosis
• Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)
• Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes
• Myelographic and CT Characteristics of Spinal Tumors
• Cervical Disc Herniation
• Syringomyelia
• Subacute Combined Degeneration
• Friedreich Ataxia

Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Disorders

62: Multiple Sclerosis and Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

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• Multiple Sclerosis: Central Nervous System Pathology
• Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Manifestations
• Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnostic Tests - Spinal Fluid
• Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnostic Tests - Evoked Responses I
• Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnostic Tests - Evoked Responses II

Infectious Disease

63: Bacterial Meningitis

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• Bacterial Meningitis
• Bacterial Meningitis

64: Parameningeal Infections

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• Parameningeal Infections

65: Neurosyphilis

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• Neurosyphilis

66: Viral Infections of the Nervous System

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• HSV Encephalitis
• Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
• Rabies
• Herpes Zoster

67: Brain and Spine Tuberculosis

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• Tuberculosis of Brain and Spine

68: Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts

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• Slow Virus Infections
• Cysticercosis
• Nocardiosis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Cryptococcosis and Listeriosis

69: Tetanus

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• Tetanus

70: Poliomyelitis

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• Poliomyelitis
• Poliomyelitis

Neuro-Oncology

71: Neuro-oncology Differential Diagnosis

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• Pseudotumor Cerebri
• Some Common Manifestations of Brain Tumors

72: Malignant Brain Tumors

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• Gliomas
• Tumors Metastatic to Brain
• Brain Tumors in Children
• Cystic Astrocytoma of Cerebellum
• Brain Glioma

73: Benign Brain Tumors

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• Meningiomas
• Acoustic Neurinomas
• Pituitary Tumors
• Craniopharyngiomas
• Chordomas
• Tumors of Pineal Region
• Intraventricular Tumors

74: Spinal Cord Tumors

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• Extradural Spinal Tumors
• Intradural Spinal Tumors
• Evolution of Symptoms

Trauma to the Brain and Spinal Cord

75: Brain Trauma

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• Initial Management of Severe Head Injuries
• Basilar Skull Fractures
• Signs Suggesting Need for Operation in Head Injuries
• Epidural Hematoma
• Acute Subdural Hematoma
• Intensive Medical Management of Severe Head Injury
• Exploratory Burr Holes and Removal of Posterior Fossa Hematoma

76: Trauma of the Spine and Spinal Cord

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• Cervical Spine Injury: Flexion and Flexion-Rotation
• Cervical Spine Injury: Compression
• Cervical Spine Injury: Hyperextension
• Suspected Cervical Spine Injury: Treatment at Site of Accident
• Surgical Spine Injury: Treatment at Site of Accident
• Cervical Spine Injury: Traction and Bracing
• Wiring of Cervical Spinous Processes
• Fracture and Dislocation of Cervical Vertebrae
• Cervical Spine Injury: Rehabilitation of Patient

Radiculopathies

77: Cervical Radiculopathy

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• Dermatomes and Myotomes of Upper Limb
• Cervical Disc Herniation: Clinical Manifestations

78: Lumbar Radiculopathy

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• Lumbar Disc Herniation: Clinical Manifestations
• Examination of Patient With Low Back Pain
• Pain Patterns in Lumbar Disease
• Role of Inflammation in Lumbar Pain
• Spondylotic Subluxation With High-Grade Stenosis
• Laminectomy and Discectomy

79: Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

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• Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

80: Rheumatologic, Functional, and Psychosomatic Back Pain

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• Psychosomatic Back Complaints

Plexopathies

81: Brachial Plexus and Brachial Plexopathies

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• Brachial Plexopathy
• Comparison of Embryonic Limb Organization to the Plan of the Brachial Plexus
• Axilla (Dissection): Anterior View

82: Lumbosacral Plexopathies

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• Lumbar Plexus
• Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses
• Radiculoplexopathies

Mononeuropathies

82: Overview of Mononeuropathies

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• Anatomy of Peripheral Nerve
• Nerve Injury in Compression Neuropathy
• Compression Neuropathy in Workplace
• Compression Neuropathy in Athletes and Musicians
• Clinical Evaluation of Compression Neuropathy
• Electrodiagnostic Studies in Compression Neuropathy

84: Mononeuropathies Presenting With Upper Extremity Symptoms

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• Arteries and Nerves of Hand: Palmar Views
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Proximal Compression of Median Nerve
• Compression of Ulnar Nerve
• Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
• Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome
• Radial Nerve Compression
• Radial Nerve Compression

85: Mononeuropathies Presenting With Shoulder Pain and Weakness

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• Neuropathy About Shoulder

86: Mononeuropathies Presenting With Lower Extremity Weakness

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• Peroneal Nerve
• Sciatic Nerve
• Tibial Nerve
• Femoral Nerve and Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh
• Obturator Nerve

87: Primary Sensory Neuropathies of the Lower Extremity

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• Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
• Tibial Nerve

Motor Neuron Disorders

88: Overview of Motor Neuron Disease

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• The Motor Neuron Pathway
• Cerebral Cortex: Efferent Pathways
• Corticobulbar Fibers
• Motor Neuron Disease: Habilitation Devices and Procedures

89: Motor Neuron Disease Presenting in the Limbs With Lower Motor Neuron Features

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• Motor Neuron Disease: Early Clinical Manifestations

90: Primary Lateral Sclerosis: Motor Neuron Disease Presenting With Upper Motor Neuron Features in the Limbs

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• Corticospinal Tract Within the Thoracic Spinal Cord

90: Primary Lateral Sclerosis: Motor Neuron Disease Presenting With Upper Motor Neuron Features in the Limbs

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• Corticospinal Tract Within the Thoracic Spinal Cord

91: Motor Neuron Disease: Bulbar, Head Drop, and Ventilatory Presentations

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• Progressive Bulbar Palsy: Clinical Findings

92: Stiff Person Syndrome

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• Renshaw Cell Bias
• End-Stage Stiff Person Syndrome
• Stiff Person Syndrome

Polyneuropathies and Autonomic Disorders

93: Overview of Peripheral Nerve Disease

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• Peripheral Neuropathies: Clinical Manifestations

94: Length-Dependent Polyneuropathy

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• Peripheral Neuropathies: Metabolic, Toxic, and Nutritional
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A: Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity
• Peripheral Neuropathy Cased by Heavy Metal Poisoning
• Dysproteinemia (Amyloid Neuropathy)

95: Acquired Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathies: Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy

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• Guillan-Barre Syndrome

96: Multifocal Neuropathies

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• Mononeuritis Multiplex With Polyarteritis Nodosa

97: Sensory Neuropathy and Neuronopathy

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• Spinal Nerve Origin: Sensory Components
• Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy

98: Leprosy (Hansen Disease)

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• Leprosy

99: Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

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• Cholinergic and Adrenergic Synapses: Schema
• Symptoms of Dysautonomia With Polyneuropathies

Neuromuscular Transmission Disorders

100: Neuromuscular Junction Anatomy and Physiology

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• Somatic Neuromuscular Transmission
• Neuromuscular Transmission
• Neuromuscular Junction
• Physiology of Neuromuscular Junction
• Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Transmission

101: Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

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• Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
• Neuromuscular Manifestations of Bronchogenic (Small Cell) Carcinoma

102: Myasthenia Gravis

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• Myasthenia Gravis: Pathophysiologic Concepts
• Myasthenia Gravis: Clinical Manifestations

Myopathies

103: Overview of Muscle Disease

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• Laboratory Studies in Neuromuscular Diseases: Electromyography and Serum Enzymes
• Muscle Biopsy: Technique
• Sections From Muscle Biopsy Specimens

104: Acute or Subacute Proximally Predominant or Generalized Myopathies Presenting With Weakness

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• Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis

104: Acute or Subacute Proximally Predominant or Generalized Myopathies Presenting With Weakness

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• Myopathies Related to Disorders of Potassium Metabolism

104: Acute or Subacute Proximally Predominant or Generalized Myopathies Presenting With Weakness

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• Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis

105: Myopathies: Chronic Proximally Predominant or Generalized Weakness

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• Other Types of Muscular Dystrophy
• Congenital Myopathies: Floppy Infant
• Congenital Myopathies: Floppy Infant
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

107: The Channelopathies: Myopathies Presenting With Episodic Weakness

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• Periodic Paralysis

108: Myopathies Presenting With Exercise Intolerance

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• Myoglobinuric Syndromes
• Metabolism of the Muscle Cell
• Regeneration of ATP for Source of Energy in Muscle Contraction
• McArdle Disease