Netter's Illustrated Pharmacology
Author: Robert B. Raffa, PhD, Scott M. Rawls and Elena Portyansky
ISBN: 9781929007608
1: Basic Principles of Pharmacology
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- Eliminate External and Internal Threats
- Eliminate External and Internal Threats
- Replenish or Neutralize Endogenous Chemicals
- Modulate Physiologic Processes
- Chemical Transmission at the Synapse
- Synapse Morphology
- Receptors and Signaling
- Receptor Subtypes
- Agonists
- Antagonists
- Stereochemistry and 3-Dimensional Fit
- Receptor-Effector Coupling
- Signal Transduction and Crosstalk
- Second-Messenger Pathways
- Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
- G Protein-Coupled Receptors
- TRK Receptors
- Nuclear Receptors
- Up-Regulation and Down-Regulation of Receptors
- Dose-Reponse Curves
- Potency
- Efficacy
- Inverse Agonists
- Antagonists: Surmountable (Reversible) and Nonsurmountable (Irreversible)
- Route of Administration
- First-Pass Effect
- Membrane Transport
- Distribution
- Barriers
- Metabolism (Biotransformation) of Drugs
- Cytochrome P-450 (CYP450)
- Metabolic Enzyme Induction and Inhibition
- Elimination
2: Drugs Used to Affect the Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems
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- Organization of the Nervous System
- Interface of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Organization of the Somatic Division
- Neuromuscular Transmission
- Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
- Physiology of the Neuromuscular Junction
- Mechanism of Action of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
- Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: Nondepolarizing and Depolarizing
- Autonomic Nervous System-Schema, Fig 2-10
- Sympathetic Fight or Flight Response
- Cholinergic and Adrenergic Synapses
- Example of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Drug Treatment: Glaucoma
- Cholinergic Receptors
- Cholinergic Drugs
- Cholinergic Drugs
- Example of Cholinergic Drug Treatment: Myasthenia Gravis
- Adrenergic Receptors
- Adrenergic Drugs
- Drug Side Effects
3: Drugs Used in Disorders of the Central Nervous System and Treatment of Pain
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- Development of the Nervous System
- Anatomy of the Nervous System
- Functional Correlations and Visualization of Brain Structures
- Resting Membrane and Action Potentials
- Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
- Central Nervous System Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Drug Targets
- GABAA Receptor Complex and Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
- Clinical Anxiety
- Anxiolytic Agents
- Causes of Seizures and Their Treatment
- Epilepsy: Generalized Seizures anad Status Epilepticus
- Epilepsy: Partial and Absence Seizures
- Epilepsy: Partial and Absence Seizures
- Clinical Depression
- Antidepressants: Mechanisms of Action
- Bipolar Disorder and Complusive Behavior
- Phychosis and Dopamine Pathways
- Motor Tracts, Basal Ganglia, and Dopamine Pathways
- Motor Tracts, Basal Ganglia, and Dopamine Pathways
- Parkinsonism: Symptoms and Defect
- Parkinsonism: Levodopa, Carbidopa, and Other Drugs
- Huntington Disease and Tourette Syndrome
- Alzheimer Disease: Symptoms, Course and Pathology
- Alzheimer Disease: Cholinergic Involvement and Drugs
- Alzheimer Disease: Cholinergic Involvement and Drugs
- Stroke: Symptoms and Drug Treatmtent
- Motor Neurons and Drugs
- Pain Pathways
- Local Anesthetics: Spinal Afferents and Local Anesthetic Mechanisms of Action
- General Anesthetics: Properties
- Opioids: Endogenous Opioid Pathway
- Opioids: Receptor-Transduction Mechanisms
- Nonopioids: NSAIDs, Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors, and Acetaminophen
- Sumatriptans and Reuptake Inhibitors
4: Drugs Used in Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
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- Cardiovascular Function: Anatomy
- Cardiovascular Function: Definition of Terms and Regulation
- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Regulation of Heart Function
- Synthesis and Storage of Catecholamines
- Regulation of Norepinephrine Release
- Inactivation of Norepinephrine
- Hypercholestoerolemia: Causes
- Hypercholestoerolemia: Pharmacologic Therapy
- Nitrates for Angina Treatment: Classes, Administration Routes, Pharmacology, and Adverse Effects
- Nitroglycerin in Angina Treatment
- Nitroglycerin: Mechanism of Action
- Calcium Channel Antagonists
- Heart Failure Overview
- Heart Failure: Treatment
- Heart Failure Treatment: Beta-adrenergic Stimulators and Blockers
- Heart Failure Treatment: Cardiac Glycosides
- Cardiac Arrhythmias: General
- Cardiac Arrhythmias: General
- Cardiac Arrhythmias: Drug Classification
- Hypertension Overview
- Hypertension: Causes
- Hypertension Treatment: Diuretics
- Hypertension Treatment: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
- Hypertension Treatment: Beta and Alpha Blockers
- Hypertension Treatment: Minoxidil
- Hypertension Treatment: Clonidine
- Hypertension in Elderly Patients
- Pheochromocytoma-Induced Hypertension
- Hypertension in Cushing Syndrome
- Peripheral Vascular Disease
5: Drugs Used in Disorders of the Endocrine System
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- Regulation of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones
- Regulation of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones
- Hypopituitarism
- Growth Hormone Deficiency and Treatment
- Growth Hormone Excess (Acromegaly) and Treatment
- Thyroid Hormones
- Thyroid Hormones: Synthesis, Release, and Regulation
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypothyroidism: Treatment of Choice
- Liothyronine, and T4/T3 Combinations
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism: Treatment
- Thioamides
- Thioamides: Adverse Effects
- Radioactive Iodine
- Iodide
- Adrenergic Antagonists
- Regulation of Adrenal Hormone
- Mineralcorticoids and Glucocortocoids
- Corticosteroids
- Cushing Syndrome
- Ketoconazole
- Metyrapone
- Aminoglutethimide
- AddisonÕs Disease, or Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
- The Pancrease and Insulin Production
- Insulin Secretion
- Lack of Insulin
- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Insulin Therapy
- Reactions to Insulin: Hypoglycemia and Adipose Tissue Changes
- Sulfonylureas
- Biguanides
- Meglitinides
- Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Thiazolidinediones
- Thiazolidinediones: Clinical Rationale and Adverse Effects
6: Drugs Used in Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System
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- Enteric Nervous System
- Integration of Autonomic and Enteric Nervous System
- Gastrointestinal Motility
- Gastrointestinal Motility
- Control of Peristalsis
- Hormones of Gastrointestinal Tract
- Parietal Cell Function Regulation
- Pancreatic Secretion
- Defecation
- Protein Digestion
- Fat Digestion
- Colonic Motility and Treatment of Diarrhea
- Antidiarrheal Drugs and Their Adverse Effects
- Causes of Constipation
- Treatment of Constipation
- Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
- Giardiasis
- Helicobacter Pylori Infection Overview
- Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection
- Peptic Ulcer Treatment
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Treatment
- Treatment of Pancreatis
- Treatment of Pancreatis
- Pathologic Features of Gallstones
- Gallstone Pathogenesis and Treatment
- Liver Function
- Bilirubin Production and Excretion
- Cirrhosis
- Ascites
- Ascites
- Physiology of Emesis
- Antiemetics, Fig 6-30
7: Drugs Used in Disorders of the Respiratory System
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- Respiration Overview
- Respiratory Diseases
- Allergy
- Leukocyte Function
- Allergic Rhinitis
- Introduction to Asthma
- Extrinsic And Intrinsic Asthma
- Extrinsic And Intrinsic Asthma
- Asthma Pharmacology
- Anti-IgE Antibodies
- Mast Cell Degranulation Blockers
- Bronchodilators
- Methylxanthines
- Methylxanthines: Adverse Effects
- Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
- Nonselective Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
- Selective Beta2-Adrenergic Agonists
- Antimuscarinic Antagonists
- Corticosteroids
- Corticosteriods: Clinical Uses
- Corticosteriods: Adverse Effects
- Leukotrienes
- Leukotriene Antagonists
- Cough
- Cough Suppressants (Antitussive Agents)
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Emphysema
- Emphysema Causes
- Inherited Emphysema
- Chronic Bronchitis
- COPD General Treatment Measures
- COPD Specific Drug Treatments
- Restrictive Pulmonary Disease
- Pneumonia Overview
- Viral Pneumonia
- Viral Pneumonia
- Bacterial Pneumonia
8: Drugs Used in Disorders of the Reproductive System
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- Organization of the Reproductive System
- Regulation of Estrogen and Testosterone
- Events of the Normal Menstrual Cycle
- Combination Oral Contraceptives
- Major Adverse Effects of Combination Oral Contraceptives
- Estrogen and Coagulation
- Progestin-Only Contraceptives
- The Morning-After Pill
- The Abortion Pill
- Endometriosis
- Danazol
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists, Combination Oral Contraceptives, and Progestin
- Estrogen Decline
- Vasomotor Symptoms
- Genitourinary Atrophy
- Osteoporosis and Estrogen
- Role of Progestins in Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Route of Hormone Administration
- General Adverse Effects
- Cardiovascular and Neurologic Risks
- Cancer Risks
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
- Antiestrogens
- Hypogonadism
- Hypogonadism Treatment and Adverse Effects
9: Drugs used in Renal Function
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- Microscopic Anatomy
- The Nephron
- Blood Vessels Surrounding Nephrons
- The Glomerulus
- Practical Application: Measuring the Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Tubular Segments
- Ion and Water Reabsorption, Fig 9-7
- Bicarbonate Reabsorption
- Potassium Excretion
- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
- General Considerations: Volume Homeostasis
- General Considerations: Volume Homeostasis
- Mercurial Diuretics
- Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
- Thiazide Diuretics
- Potassium-Sparing Agents
- Loop (High-Ceiling) Diuretics
- Osmotic Agents
- Summary of Therapeutics
- Urinary Incontinence
- Urinary Tract Calculi (Kidney Stones)
- Effect of Renal Insufficiency on Drug Action
- Effect of hemodialysis, Fig 9-23
10: Drugs Used in Infectious Disease
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- Classification of Antibiotics
- Mechanism of resistance
- Examples of Resistance
- Natural Penicillins: Penicillin G and Penicillin V
- Aminopenicillins: Amoxicillin and Ampicillin
- Antipsuedomonal Penicillins
- Beta-lactamase Inhibitors
- Beta-lactamase Resistant Penicillins: Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Oxacillin, and Nafcillin
- Adverse Effects of Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Carbapenems: Imipenem-Cilastatin, Ertapenem, and Meropenem
- Monobactams: Aztreonam
- Vancomycin
- Vancomycin Treatment Difficulties: Resistance and Adverse Effects
- Tetracyclines
- Aminoglycosides
- Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin, and Clarithromycin
- Clindamycin
- Quinolones
- New Generation Quinolones
- Linezolid
- Sulfaonamides
- Nature of Fungal Infections and Therapy
- Amphotericin B
- Azole Antifungal Agents and Other Antifungal Agents
- Nature of Viral Infections
- Herpesvirus
- Acyclovir and Famciclovir
- Ganciclovir
- Influenza and Its Treatment
- HIV Infection
- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) and Non-NRTIs
- Protease Inhibitors
- Other Antiretrovial Agents for AIDS: Tenofovir and Enfuvirtide
11: Drugs Used in Neoplastic Disorders
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- Cell Cycle
- Combination Chemotherapy
- Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy
- Folate Analogs: Methotrexate
- Purine Analogs: Mercaptopurine and Thioguanine
- Pyrimidine Analogs: 5-Fluoruoracil
- Pyrimidine Analogs: Capecitabine
- Pyrimidine Analogs: Cytarabine and Fludarabine
- Pyrimidine Analogs: Gemcitabine
- Substituted Ureas: Hydroxyurea
- Nitrogen Mustards: Mecholorthamine and Melphalan
- Cyclophosphamide and Ifosfamide
- Nitrosoureas: Carmustine and Lomustine
- Platinum Compounds: Cisplatin, Carboplatin, and Oxaliplatin
- Vinca Alkaloids: Vincrisitne, Vinblastine, and Vinorelbine
- Taxanes
- Anthracyclines: Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin
- Estrogen Antagonists: Tamoxifen and Toremifene
- Aromatase Inhibitors: Anastrozole, Letrozole, and Exemestane
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists: Leuprolide and Goserelin
- Antiandrogens: Flutamide, Bicalutamide, and Nilutamide
- Unconjugated Antibodies: Trastuzumab, Alemtuzumab, and Rituximab
- Conjugated Antibodies: Ibritumomab Tiuxetan and Tositumomab and Iodine I 131 tositumomab
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Gefitinib
- Bortezomib
12: Drugs Used for Skin Disorders
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13: Vitamins
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- Deficiency of Vitamin A (Retinol) and Othe rFat-Soluble Vitamins
- Deficiency of Thiamine (B1) and Other B Vitamins
- Niacin or Nicotinic Acid Deficiency (Pellagra)
- Vitamin C deficiency (Scurvy)
- Fat-Soluable Vitamin-Drug Interactions
- Water-Soluable Vitamin-Drug Interactions
14: Drug Allergy, Abuse, and Poisoning or Overdose
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- Allergic Reactions to Drugs
- Type 1 (Acute, Anaphylactic) Reactions
- Type 2 (Cytotoxic, Autoimmune) Reactions, Fig 14-3
- Type 3 (Immune Complex, Serum Sickness, Arthus) Reactions
- Type 4 (Cell-Mediated, Delayed-Hypersensitivity, Contact Dermatitis) Reactions
- Brain Reward Circuit
- Ethanol: Deleterious Effects
- Ethanol Abuse: Treatment
- Withdrawl: Opioids, Benzodiazepams, and Barbiturates
- Withdrawl: Opioids, Benzodiazepams, and Barbiturates
- Sympathomimetic Drugs
- Cholergenic Drugs
- Anticholergenic Drugs
- Serotonergics
- Opioids
- Over-the-Counter Products
- Management of Poisoning and Overdose
