Physiology - Mulroney 1E

Author: Susan E. Mulroney, Adam K. Myers

ISBN: 9781416041962

Cell Physiology, Fluid Homeostasis, and Membrane Transport

1: The Cell and Fluid Homeostasis (pages 3-12, 10 images)

Page 4: Cell in the Primordial Sea
Page 5: Buffering the External Environment
Page 6: The Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane
Page 7: Body Fluid Compartments
Page 7: Total Body Water as Function of Body Weight
Page 8: Electrolyte Concentration in Extracellular and Intracellular Fluid
Page 9: Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
Page 9: Starling Forces Across the Capillary
Page 10: Effect of Adding Solutes to the Extracellular Fluid on Compartment Size
Page 11: Net Fluid Balance

2: Membrane Transport (pages 13-20, 12 images)

Page 12: Measurement of Fluid Compartment Size
Page 14: Diffusion Through a Semipermeable Membrane
Page 14: Passive Membrane Transport
Page 15: Primary (1°) Active Transport
Page 16: Secondary (2°) Active Transport
Page 16: Vesicular Transport through the Membrane
Page 17: Water Channels
Page 18: Ca2+-Calmodulin Signal Transduction
Page 19: G Protein–Coupled Receptors
Page 19: Nuclear Protein Receptors
Page 19: Simple and Complex Transduction Systems
Page 20: Cystic Fibrosis

The Nervous System and Muscle

3: Nerve and Muscle Physiology (pages 25-48, 21 images)

Page 26: Membrane Potential of a Hypothetical Cell
Page 27: The Resting Membrane Potential
Page 29: Action Potential
Page 30: Neurons
Page 31: Axonal Conduction
Page 32: Multiple Sclerosis
Page 34: Morphology of Synapses
Page 35: Chemical Synaptic Transmission
Page 36: Temporal and Spatial Summation
Page 37: Synaptic Inhibitory Mechanisms
Page 38: Structure of the Neuromuscular Junction
Page 39: Clinical Manifestations of Myasthenia Gravis
Page 40: Organization of Skeletal Muscle
Page 41: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Page 42: Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Page 43: Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
Page 44: Biochemical Mechanics of Muscle Contraction
Page 45: Grading of Muscle Tension and Length-Tension Relationship
Page 47: Smooth Muscle Structure
Page 47: Excitation-Contraction Coupling of Smooth Muscle
Page 48: Schema of Structure of Cardiac Muscle

4: Organization and General Funct… (pages 49-58, 10 images)

Page 50: Major Parts of the Central Nervous System and the Vertebral Column
Page 50: Brain Ventricles and CSF Composition
Page 51: Circulation of CSF
Page 52: Cerebral Cortex: Association Pathways and Localization of Function
Page 53: Organization of the Brain: Surface Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex
Page 54: The Limbic System
Page 55: Spinal Cord and Ventral Rami In Situ
Page 56: Spinal Membranes and Nerve Roots
Page 57: Somatic Component of the Peripheral Nervous System
Page 58: Spinal Cord Injury

5: Sensory Physiology (pages 59-76, 16 images)

Page 60: Skin and Cutaneous Receptors
Page 61: Dermatomes
Page 62: Pacinian Corpuscle
Page 63: Somesthetic System of the Body
Page 64: Somesthetic System of the Head
Page 65: Visual Receptors
Page 66: Retinogeniculostriate Visual Pathway
Page 67: Peripheral Pathways for Sound Reception
Page 68: Cochlear Receptors
Page 69: Auditory Pathways
Page 70: Vestibular Receptors
Page 71: Vestibulospinal Tracts
Page 72: Taste Receptors
Page 73: Taste Pathways
Page 74: Olfactory Receptors
Page 75: Olfactory Pathway

6: The Somatic Motor System (pages 77-86, 9 images)

Page 78: Muscle and Joint Receptors
Page 79: Proprioception: Spinal Effector Mechanisms
Page 80: Proprioceptive Reflex Control of Muscle Tension
Page 81: Spinal Reflex Pathways for Stretch, Tendon Organ, and Flexor Withdrawal
Page 82: Corticospinal Tracts
Page 83: Cerebellar Afferent Pathways and Functional Subdivisions of Cerebellum
Page 84: Cerebellar Efferent Pathways
Page 85: Cerebellar Neuronal Circuitry
Page 86: Parkinson's Disease

7: The Autonomic Nervous System (pages 87-92, 4 images)

Page 88: Cholinergic and Adrenergic Synapses: Schema
Page 89: Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic Division
Page 90: Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympathetic Division
Page 92: Pheochromocytoma

Cardiovascular Physiology

8: Overview of the Heart and Circ… (pages 97-100, 4 images)

Page 98: Cardiac Structural Changes in Disease
Page 99: General Scheme of the Circulation
Page 100: Structure of Heart
Page 100: Conduction System of the Heart

9: Cardiac Electrophysiology (pages 101-106, 5 images)

Page 102: Atrioventricular Block
Page 103: Electrical Activity of the Heart
Page 104: Cardiac Depolarization and Repolarization Part 1
Page 105: Cardiac Depolarization and Repolarization Part 2
Page 106: Cardiac Depolarization and Repolarization Part 3

10: Flow, Pressure, and Resistance (pages 107-112, 7 images)

Page 108: The Arterial Pressure Wave
Page 109: Pulmonary Artery Catheterization
Page 110: Pulse Pressure through the Circulation
Page 110: Poiseuille's Law
Page 111: Relationship Between Velocity of Blood Flow and Cross-Sectional Area
Page 111: Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Page 112: Aortic Aneurysm

11: The Cardiac Pump (pages 113-124, 8 images)

Page 114: The Cardiac Cycle
Page 116: Autonomic Nervous System and Arterial Baroreceptor Reflexes
Page 118: The Frank–Starling Relationship
Page 118: Effect of Heart Rate on Force of Contraction (Treppe or Staircase Effect)
Page 119: Force–Velocity Relationship in Cardiac Muscle
Page 120: Echocardiography
Page 121: Ventricular Pressure-Volume Loop
Page 123: Cardiac Function and Vascular Function Curves

12: The Peripheral Circulation (pages 125-141, 12 images)

Page 126: The Vascular Wall
Page 126: Components of the Microcirculation
Page 127: The Lymphatic Circulation
Page 128: Control of the Arteriolar Tone
Page 130: Local Regulation of Blood Flow
Page 132: Monitoring of Blood Pressure
Page 133: Long-Term Response to Changes in Blood Volume and Pressure
Page 135: Circulation to Special Regions
Page 136: Coronary Circulation
Page 138: Myocardial Ischemia
Page 139: Circulatory Response to Exercise
Page 140: Fetal and Neonatal Circulation

Respiratory Physiology

13: Pulmonary Ventilation and Perf… (pages 147-162, 14 images)

Page 147: Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations
Page 148: Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
Page 149: Gross Anatomy of the Lung
Page 150: Structure of the Trachea and Major Bronchi
Page 151: Intrapulmonary Airways
Page 152: Ultrastructure of Tracheal, Bronchial, and Bronchiolar Epithelium
Page 153: Intrapulmonary Blood Circulation
Page 154: Ultrastructure of Pulmonary Alveoli and Capillaries
Page 155: The Spirometer
Page 155: Measurement of Lung Volumes and Capacities by Spirometry
Page 158: Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Alveolar Air
Page 159: O2 and CO2 Exchange
Page 160: Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow
Page 162: Ventilation–Perfusion (Va-Qc) Relationships

14: The Mechanics of Breathing (pages 163-178, 14 images)

Page 164: Respiratory Muscles
Page 165: Forces During Quiet Breathing
Page 166: Elastic Properties of Respiratory System: Lung and Chest Wall
Page 167: Pneumothorax
Page 168: Measurement of Elastic Properties of Lung
Page 169: Compliance in Pulmonary Diseases
Page 170: Compliance and Surface Forces of the Lung
Page 172: Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn
Page 173: Flow
Page 174: Expiratory Flow-Volume Relationships
Page 175: Pulmonary Function in Obstructive Lung Disease
Page 176: Pulmonary Function in Restrictive Lung Disease
Page 177: Pulmonary Function Tests
Page 178: Pulmonary Function Tests

15: Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Tran… (pages 179-191, 12 images)

Page 180: Oxygen Transport
Page 181: Anemia
Page 182: Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curves
Page 183: Carbon Dioxide Transport
Page 184: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Page 184: Sickled Red Blood Cells
Page 185: Role of Lungs and Kidneys in Acid–Base Balance
Page 187: Sleep Apnea
Page 188: Respiratory Control in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Page 189: Control of Respiration
Page 190: Respiratory Response to Exercise
Page 191: Acute Altitude Sickness

Renal Physiology

16: Overview, Glomerular Filtratio… (pages 197-209, 7 images)

Page 198: Anatomy of the Kidney
Page 199: Nephron Structure
Page 201: Glomerulonephritis
Page 202: Anatomy of the Glomerulus
Page 203: Renal Handling of Para-Amino Hippurate (PAH)
Page 204: Glomerular Filtration
Page 206: Renal Clearance Principle

17: Renal Transport Processes (pages 209-218, 6 images)

Page 210: Nephron Sites of Sodium Reabsorption
Page 212: Renal Handling of Glucose
Page 213: Renal HCO₃– Reabsorption
Page 214: Renal Potassium Handling
Page 215: Renal Calcium and Phosphate Handling
Page 216: Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi)

18: Urine Concentration and Diluti… (pages 219-224, 4 images)

Page 220: Medullary Interstitial and Tubular Concentration Gradients
Page 222: The Renal Response to ADH Secretion
Page 223: Dilution of the Urine
Page 224: Chronic Pyelonephritis

19: Regulation of Extracellular Fl… (pages 225-230, 4 images)

Page 226: Mechanism of Renin Secretion and Factors Regulating the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Page 227: Renal Response to Volume Contraction
Page 228: Renal Response to Volume Expansion
Page 229: Diabetes Insipidus

20: Regulation of Acid–Base … (pages 231-238, 4 images)

Page 232: General Scheme for Eliminating Excess Acid
Page 234: Renal Handling of Acid Excretion
Page 236: Role of the Lungs and Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid–Base Balance
Page 237: Plasma Anion Gap

Gastrointestinal Physiology

21: Overview of the Gastrointestin… (pages 243-252, 7 images)

Page 244: Overview of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Page 245: Musculature of the Stomach
Page 246: The Enteric Nervous System
Page 247: The Portal System
Page 248: Thirst
Page 249: Appetite and Hunger
Page 250: Fluid Shifts through the GI Tract

22: Motility Through the Gastroint… (pages 253-270, 15 images)

Page 254: Regulation of Enteric Nervous System by Autonomic Nervous System
Page 255: Local Control of Motility
Page 256: Slow Waves
Page 257: Bariatric Surgery
Page 259: Lower Esophageal Sphincter
Page 260: Gastric Motility
Page 261: Peristalsis and Segmentation
Page 262: Structure of the Gallbladder
Page 263: Motility in the Colon
Page 264: Autonomic Innervation of the Colon
Page 266: Defecation
Page 267: Vomiting
Page 267: Effect of Major GI Hormones on GI Motility
Page 268: Cholera
Page 269: Smooth Muscle Disorders: Achalasia and Hirschprung's Disease

23: Gastrointestinal Secretions (pages 271-282, 10 images)

Page 272: Major Secretions into the GI Tract
Page 273: Salivary Gland Structure
Page 274: Salivary Acinar Cells
Page 275: Digestion in the Stomach
Page 276: Protection of Gastric Mucosa
Page 277: Parietal Cell HCl Production
Page 278: Signal Transduction Mechanisms Regulating HCl Secretion
Page 279: Ulcers
Page 280: Crypts of Lieberkühn and Cell Types
Page 281: Structure and Secretion of the Pancreas

24: Hepatobiliary Function (pages 283-290, 4 images)

Page 284: Overview of Liver Function
Page 285: Bilirubin and Jaundice
Page 286: Structure of the Liver
Page 288: Portal Hypertension and Esophageal Varices in Obstructive Liver Disease

25: Digestion and Absorption (pages 291-300, 8 images)

Page 292: Small Intestine Surface Area
Page 293: Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
Page 294: Protein Digestion and Absorption
Page 296: Lipid Digestion and Absorption
Page 297: Electrolyte and Fluid Transport
Page 298: Calcium and Iron Absorption
Page 299: Vitamin B12 Absorption
Page 300: Gluten Enteropathy and Celiac Disease

Endocrine Physiology

26: General Principles of Endocrin… (pages 307-320, 10 images)

Page 308: Organization of the Endocrine System
Page 309: Overview of Hormone Action
Page 310: Structure of Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Page 311: Overview of Anterior Pituitary Function
Page 313: Negative and Positive Feedback Regulation
Page 314: Posterior Pituitary Function (ADH)
Page 315: Posterior Pituitary Function (Oxytocin)
Page 317: Growth Hormone
Page 318: Growth Hormone Excess and Deficiency
Page 319: Prolactin

27: Thyroid Hormones (pages 321-328, 6 images)

Page 322: Thyroid Gland Structure
Page 322: Structure of T₃ and T₄
Page 323: Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones
Page 325: Thyroid Hormone Action
Page 326: Diseases of Thyroid Function: Hypothyroidism
Page 327: Diseases of Thyroid Function: Hyperthyroidism

28: Adrenal Hormones (pages 329-338, 9 images)

Page 330: Adrenal Gland Structure
Page 331: Adrenal Gland Histology
Page 332: Adrenal Cortical Hormones
Page 333: Actions of Cortisol
Page 334: Glucocorticoids as Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppressive Drugs
Page 335: Cushing's Syndrome
Page 336: Actions of Aldosterone
Page 337: Addison's Disease
Page 338: Function of the Adrenal Medulla

29: The Endocrine Pancreas (pages 339-346, 6 images)

Page 340: Structure of the Endocrine Pancreas
Page 341: Insulin Structure
Page 342: Insulin Synthesis and Release
Page 343: Actions of Insulin
Page 344: Actions of Glucagon
Page 346: Diabetes Mellitus

30: Calcium-Regulating Hormones (pages 347-354, 6 images)

Page 348: Effects of Altered Plasma Calcium Concentration
Page 349: Parathyroid Hormone Secretion
Page 350: Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D Actions on Plasma Calcium Concentrations
Page 352: Calcium-Related Pathophysiology: Hyperparathyroidism
Page 353: Calcium-Related Pathophysiology: Hypoparathyroidism
Page 354: Calcium-Related Pathophysiology: Vitamine D Deficiency

31: Hormones of the Reproductive S… (pages 355-366, 11 images)

Page 356: Gonad and Genital Duct Formation
Page 357: Differentiation of the External Genitalia
Page 359: Menstrual Cycle
Page 360: Ovary, Ova, and Follicles
Page 361: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Page 362: Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle
Page 363: Fertilization and Implantation
Page 363: The Testes and Spermatogenesis
Page 364: Mature Spermatozoon
Page 365: Klinefelter's Syndrome
Page 366: Control of Testicular Function

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