Netters Integrated Musculoskeletal System

Netters Integrated Musculoskeletal System

Clinical Anatomy Explained

Author: Peter Ward

ISBN: 9780323696616

1: Introduction (pages 1-7, 4 images)

Page 2: Anatomical Position of the Body
Page 4: Body Planes and Terms of Relationship
Page 5: Terms of movement
Page 7: Terms of movement (continued)

2: Overview of the Skeletal Anato… (pages 8-36, 38 images)

Page 9: Skull
Page 10: Bones of the Skull
Page 12: Vertebral Column
Page 12.1: Cervical Vertebrae
Page 13: Cervical Vertebrae: Atlas and Axis Spine: Osteology
Page 14: Thoracic Vertebrae
Page 15: Thoracic Vertebrae
Page 16: Sacrum and Coccyx Osteology
Page 17: Osteology: Thorax
Page 18: Clavicle, scapula and humerus
Page 18: Bones of Wrist and Hand
Page 19: Bones of the forearm and elbow joint
Page 20: Coxal Bone
Page 22: Osteology of the Femur
Page 23: Osteology of the Leg and Knee
Page 23.1: Tibia and Fibula
Page 24: Bones of Foot
Page 24.1: Synovial Joint
Page 25: Temporomandibular Joint
Page 25.1: Ligaments of elbow
Page 26: Vertebral Ligaments: Lumbar Region Ligaments of the Spinal Column
Page 27: Joints of the Thoracic Spine
Page 27.1: Ribs and Sternocostal Joints
Page 28: Joints and Ligaments of the Shoulder
Page 29: Detecting Acromioclavicular Lesions
Page 29.1: Glenohumeral Dislocations
Page 30: Ligaments of Elbow
Page 30: Dislocation and Subluxation of the Radius
Page 30: Cross Section of Wrist: Carpal Tunnel
Page 31: Joints and ligaments of the wrist and hand
Page 32: Bones and Ligaments of Pelvis
Page 33: Hip Joint
Page 34: Leg: Knee Joint and Ligaments
Page 34: Rupture of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Page 34.1: Tibia and Fibula
Page 35: Ligaments of the Ankle Joint Ligaments and Tendons of Ankle
Page 36: Capsules and Ligaments of Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
Page 36: Major Sprains and Sprain Fractures

3: Overview of the Muscle Groups … (pages 37-52, 14 images)

Page 38: Extrinsic muscles of the back
Page 38.1: Intrinsic muscles of the back
Page 40: Muscle Groups of the Anterior Neck
Page 41: Muscles of Respiration
Page 42: Muscles of the Shoulder
Page 43: Musculature of the arm
Page 44: Muscles of the Hand
Page 46: Major Muscle Groups of the Torso
Page 48: Major Muscle Groups of the Torso (CONTINUED)
Page 49: Gluteal and posterior thigh muscles
Page 50: Muscle Groups of the Thigh
Page 51: Muscles of the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg
Page 52: Muscles of the dorsum of the foot
Page 52.1: Muscles of the dorsum of the foot

4: Innervation of the Muscle Comp… (pages 53-67, 17 images)

Page 54: Nervous System: Organization
Page 54.1: Brainstem
Page 55: Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema
Page 55: Clinical Findings in Cranial Nerve XI Damage
Page 56: Spinal Nerve Origin: Cross Sections Exit of Spinal Nerves Spinal Nerves
Page 57: Cervical Plexus
Page 58: Brachial Plexus: Schema
Page 59: Scapulohumeral Dissection
Page 60: Nerves of Upper Limb
Page 62: Thoracoabdominal Nerves Course of Typical Thoracic Nerve Innervation of Abdomen and of Perineum
Page 63: Nerves of the Pelvis
Page 63.1: Femoral Nerve and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerves
Page 64: Obturator Nerve
Page 65: Nerves of Buttock
Page 66: Sciatic Nerve (L4, L5; S1, S2, S3) and Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (S1, S2, S3) Sciatic Nerve and Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh
Page 66.1: Nerves of the Lower Leg
Page 67: Perineum: Nerves

5: Vascular Supply of the Muscle … (pages 68-83, 19 images)

Page 69: Cardiovascular System Overview
Page 70: Arteries and Pulses
Page 71: Arteries to brain
Page 71.1: Subclavian Artery
Page 72: Arteries of upper limb
Page 73: Surgery of Aorta
Page 74: Arteries of the Thorax and Abdomen
Page 75: Arteries of Thigh and Knee: Schema
Page 76: Avascular Necrosis
Page 77: Major systemic veins of the cardiovascular system
Page 78: Superficial Veins and Cutaneous Nerves of Neck
Page 78.1: Surface Anatomy: Superficial Veins and Nerves
Page 79: Veins of the Internal Thoracic Wall
Page 79.1: Superficial Veins and Cutaneous Nerves of Lower Limb Superficial Nerves and Veins of Lower Limb: Anterior View Superficial Nerves and Veins of Lower Limb: Posterior View
Page 80: Veins of Posterior Abdominal Wall Venous Drainage of the Abdomen
Page 80: Massive Embolization
Page 81: Overview of the Lymphatic System
Page 82: Lymph vessels and nodes of the lower limb and upper limb
Page 83: Lymphatic Drainage of Breast

6: Overview of Musculoskeletal Hi… (pages 84-120, 39 images)

Page 85: Classification of Epithelia With Schematic of Nonkeratonized Stratified Squamous Epithelium As Seen With Light Microscope
Page 86: Histology of Connective Tissue (C and D reused with permission from Ovalle W, Nahirney P. Netter's Essential Histology, 3rd edition, Elsevier, 2021)
Page 87: Collagen Synthesis
Page 88: Types III and IV Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Page 89: Characteristics of Marfan Syndrome
Page 90: Formation and Composition of Proteoglycan
Page 90.1: Higher Magnification Light Micrograph of Hyaline Cartilage From the Trachea
Page 91: Structure of Three Types of Cartilage
Page 91.1: Structure of Bone
Page 92: Light Micrograph Showing the Periosteum On the Surface of a Bone (Decalcified) From an Elderly Person
Page 92: A. Secondary Osteon and B. Microscopic Structure of Mature Long Bone Basic Science of Bones
Page 93: Healing of Fracture
Page 95: A. Centrifuged Blood Sample and B. Formed Elements of Blood
Page 97: The muscular system
Page 97.1: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Initiation of Muscle Contraction
Page 98: Schematic Showing Interaction of Myosin and Actin Filaments at Rest and During Contraction
Page 99: Biochemical Mechanics of Muscle Contraction
Page 99.1: Muscle Length-Muscle Tension Relationships
Page 100: Sarcoglycan Complex and Sarcomere Proteins
Page 101: Regeneration of ATP for Source of Energy in Muscle Contraction
Page 102: Initiation of Muscle Contraction by Electric Impulse and Calcium Movement
Page 103: Muscle Fiber Types
Page 106: Light Micrograph of a Muscle Spindle In the Equatorial Region
Page 106: Muscle and Joint Receptors and Muscle Spindles
Page 107: Histology of the Myocardium: Schematic Views of Cardiac Muscle
Page 107.1: Smooth Muscle Structure
Page 108: Excitation and Contraction Coupling of Smooth Muscle
Page 109: Electron Micrograph of Smooth Muscle Cells Close to Nerve Axons In Transverse Section
Page 110: Neuronal Structure and Synapses
Page 111: Neuronal Cell Types
Page 112: Mechanisms of Molecular Signaling in Neurons
Page 112.1: Neuronal Resting Potential Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
Page 113: Neuronal Membrane Potential and Sodium Channels
Page 114: Propagation of the Action Potential
Page 115: Conduction Velocity
Page 116: AIDP (Guillain-Barre Syndrome)
Page 117: A. Neuromuscular Neurotransmission and B. Physiology of Neuromuscular Junction
Page 118: Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
Page 119: Myasthenia Gravis: Clinical Manifestations

7: Development of the Musculoskel… (pages 121-141, 22 images)

Page 122: Age of the Embryo Ovulation, Fertilization, and Migration Down the Uterine Tube Impmlantation and Extraembryonic Membrane Formation
Page 123: Formation of Intraembryonic Mesoderm Gastrulation
Page 123.1: Vertebrae Body Plan after 4 weeks The Vertebrate Body Plan
Page 124: Formation of the Brain
Page 125: Defects of the Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column
Page 126: Development of the Brain
Page 127: A. Differentiation of somites into myotomes, sclerotomes, and dermatomes; B. Alar and basal plates
Page 128: First and Second Cervical Vertebrae at Birth - Development of Sternum
Page 129: Development of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Page 130: Progressive Stages in Formation of Vertebral Column, Dermatomes, and Myotomes
Page 131: Mesenchymal Primordia at 5 and 6 Weeks
Page 132: Partial sacralization of L5 on the right side
Page 133: Embryology: Limb Bud Rotation
Page 134: Anomalies of the Digits
Page 135: Achondroplasia
Page 136: Gigantism and Acromegaly
Page 137: Upper Limb Malformations
Page 138: Growth and Ossification of Long Bones (Humerus, Midfrontal Sections) Endochondral Ossification In a Long Bone
Page 139: Regions of the Epiphyseal Plates
Page 140: Injury to Growth Plate (Salter-Harris Classification, Rang Modification)
Page 141: Development of Three Types of Diathrodial (Synovial) Joints
Page 141: Congenital Clubfoot

8: The Central Nervous System in … (pages 142-179, 39 images)

Page 143: Spinal Nerve Origin: Cross Sections Exit of Spinal Nerves Spinal Nerves
Page 144: Cerebrum: Lateral Views Organization of the Brain: Cerebrum Superolateral Surface of Brain Surface Anatomy of the Forebrain: Lateral View
Page 145: Medial Surface of Brain Cerebrum: Medial Views Surfaces of Cerebrum
Page 146: Horizontal Sections Through the Forebrain: Anterior Commissure and Caudal Thalamus
Page 147: Major Cortical Association Bundles
Page 148: Thalamocortical Radiations
Page 149: Horner's Syndrome
Page 149: Hypothalamus and Hypophysis
Page 150: Cross Sections of the Midbrain
Page 151: Cross Sections of the Pons
Page 152: Cerebellum
Page 154: Cross Sections of the Medulla
Page 155: Sections Through Spinal Cord At Various Levels Spinal Cord Cross Sections: Fiber Tracts Spinal Cord White and Gray Matter Spinal Cord Cross Sections: Fiber Tracts
Page 156: Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Page 157: Hydrocephalus
Page 157: Pyramidal System
Page 158: Primary Motor Neuron Disease
Page 159: Corticobulbar Tract
Page 160: Hypoglossal Nerve (CN-XII)
Page 161: Central Versus Peripheral Facial Paralysis
Page 162: Rubrospinal Tract
Page 162.1: Vestibulospinal Tracts
Page 163: Reticulospinal and Corticoreticular Pathways
Page 164: Tectospinal Tract and Interstitiospinal Tract
Page 165: Cutaneous Receptors
Page 166: Somatosensory System: The Dorsal Column System and Epicritic Modalities
Page 167: Somatosensory System: The Spinothalamic and Spinoreticular Systems and Protopathic Modalities
Page 168: Cervical Spine Injury: Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes
Page 169: Brainstem
Page 170: Blood Supply of the Brain
Page 171: Somatosensory System: Spinocerebellar Pathways
Page 173: Cerebellar Anatomy: Internal Features
Page 173.1: Cerebellar Cortex
Page 174: Cerebellar Efferent Pathways
Page 175: Cerebellar Motor Examination
Page 176: Motor Tracts, Basal Ganglia, and Dopamine Pathways
Page 177: Basic Basal Ganglia Circuitry and Neurotransmitters
Page 178: Parkinsonism: Symptoms and Defect
Page 179: Chorea

9: Clinical Anatomy of the Back (pages 180-206, 23 images)

Page 181: Cervical Vertebrae
Page 181.1: Cervical Vertebrae: Uncovertebral Joints
Page 182: Cervical Vertebrae: Atlas and Axis Spine: Osteology
Page 183: Thoracic Vertebrae
Page 183.1: Lumbar Vertebrae and Intervertebral Disc Spine: Osteology
Page 184: Sacrum and Coccyx Osteology
Page 186: Stable and Unstable Spinal Injuries (Trauma, Cervical Vertebral Fractures, Spondylosis)
Page 188: Intervertebral Disc
Page 189: Intervertebral Disc
Page 190: Vertebral Column
Page 191: Vertebral Ligaments: Lumbosacral Region
Page 192: Internal Craniocervical Ligaments
Page 193: (A) Lumbar region of back: cross-section of transverse section through lumbar region (L2) of back; (B) muscles of back: superficial layer
Page 195: Muscles of Back: Intermediate Layers Spenius and Erector Spinae Muscles
Page 197: Muscles of Back: Deep Layers Transversospinal, Interspinal, Intertransverse, and Suboccipital Muscles Deep Muscles: Posterior Neck and Back
Page 199: Suboccipital Triangle
Page 199.1: The Spinal Meninges and Their Relationship to the Spinal Cord
Page 200: Lumbar Puncture and Epidural Anesthesia
Page 201: Spinal Nerves and Sensory Dermatomes
Page 203: Spinal Nerve Cross Section
Page 204: Lumbar Puncture and Epidural Anesthesia
Page 205: Arteries of the Spinal Cord
Page 206: Veins of Spinal Cord and Vertebrae Veins of Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column Venous Drainage of Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column

10: Clinical Anatomy of the Upper … (pages 207-264, 49 images)

Page 208: Humerus and Scapula: Insertions and Origins
Page 209: Types of Fracture
Page 210: Shoulder: Glenohumeral Joint
Page 212: Dislocation of the Glenohumeral Joint
Page 213: Biceps, Tendon Tears, and SLAP Lesions: Types of Tears
Page 214: Adhesive Capsulitis of Shoulder (Frozen Shoulder)
Page 214.1: Bones of Forearm Osteology of the Forearm
Page 215: Bony Attachments of Muscles of Forearm
Page 216: Ligaments of Elbow Ligaments of the Right Elbow Joint
Page 217: Extension / Compression (Colles') Fracture
Page 217.1: Topographic Anatomy, Bones, and Origins and Insertions of the Hand: Anterior and Posterior Views
Page 218: Fracture of Scaphoid
Page 219: Ligaments of the Wrist
Page 219.1: Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Ligaments Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
Page 223: Upper Limb Muscles Originating from the Lateral Chest Wall
Page 225: Muscles of the Rotator Cuff
Page 226: Natural History of Calcified Deposits In Rotator Cuff
Page 229: Arm Muscles With Portions of Arteries and Nerves Muscles of Arm: Anterior Views
Page 229.1: Biceps, Tendon Tears, and SLAP Lesions: Presentation and Physical Examination
Page 230: Arm Muscles With Portions of Arteries and Nerves Muscles of Arm: Posterior View
Page 232: Olecranon Fracture
Page 232.1: Arm Muscles With Portions of Arteries and Nerves Muscles of Arm: Posterior View
Page 233: Epicondylitis and Olecranon Bursitis
Page 236: Muscles of the Forearm
Page 237: Epicondylitis and Olecranon Bursitis
Page 239: Extensor Indicis Proprius Extensor Tendons at the Wrist
Page 240: Stenosing Tenosynovitis of Flexor Tendons of Fingers (Trigger Finger) Ganglion of Wrist
Page 240.1: Stenosing Tenosynovitis of Flexor Tendons of Fingers (Trigger Finger) Ganglion of Wrist
Page 241: Dupuytren Disease
Page 242: Muscles: Upper Limb
Page 245: Finger Injuries
Page 246: Dermal Segmentation of Upper Limb
Page 247: Brachial Plexus: Schema
Page 248: Scapular, Axillary and Radial Nerves
Page 249: Radial Nerve in Forearm
Page 250: Common Sites of Upper Extremity Nerve Entrapment
Page 251: Musculocutaneous Nerve
Page 252: Ulnar Nerve
Page 253: Common Sites of Upper Extremity Nerve Entrapment
Page 254: Median Nerve
Page 255: Common Sites of Upper Extremity Nerve Entrapment
Page 256: Brachial Plexus And-or Cervical Nerve Root Injuries at Birth
Page 257: Autonomic Nerves in Neck
Page 258: Axillary Artery and Anastomoses Around Scapula
Page 259: Axillary Artery and Anastomoses Around Scapula
Page 260: Arteries of the Arm and Forearm
Page 261: Muscles of the Hand Wrist and Hand: Superficial Radial Dissection
Page 262: Surface Anatomy: Superficial Veins and Nerves
Page 263: Lymphatic Drainage

11: Clinical Anatomy of the Lower … (pages 265-330, 51 images)

Page 266: Bones and Ligaments of the Pelvis
Page 267: Osteology and Attachments of the Hip and Thigh
Page 269: Hip Joint
Page 269.1: Fracture of Femoral Neck and Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur
Page 270.1: Dislocation of the Hip
Page 271: Osteology and Attachments of the Leg and Knee
Page 272: Joints and Ligaments of the Knee
Page 273: Medial and Lateral Views of the Knee
Page 275: Valgus, Varus, Anterior and Posterior Instabilities of the Knee
Page 277: Ankle and Foot: Ankle Joints and Ligaments
Page 278: Bones of Foot
Page 278: Calcaneus
Page 279: Major Sprains and Sprain Fractures
Page 279.1: Major Sprains and Sprain Fractures
Page 280: Tendon Insertions and Ligaments of Sole of Foot Ligaments and Tendons of Foot: Plantar View
Page 281: Lesser Toe Deformities (Claw Toe, Hammertoe, and Mallet Toe)
Page 282: Phases of Gait
Page 283: Gluteal Muscles
Page 286: Psoas and Iliacus Muscles
Page 287: Muscles of the Front of the Hip and Thigh
Page 288: Septic Bursitis and Arthritis
Page 289: Disorders of the Leg and Knee Subluxation and Dislocation of Patella
Page 292: Muscles of Back of Hip and Thigh Muscles of Hip and Thigh: Posterior Views
Page 294: Muscles, Arteries, and Nerves of the Leg: Posterior View
Page 295: Muscles, Arteries, and Nerves of the Leg: Anterior View
Page 296: Synovial Tendon Sheaths at Ankle Tendon Sheaths of Ankle
Page 297: Calcaneal Tendon Rupture
Page 300: Superficial Dissection of Muscles of the Dorsum of the Foot
Page 304: Plantar Fasciitis
Page 305: Muscles, Arteries, and Nerves of the Sole of the Foot: Superficial Dissection and First Layer
Page 308: Osgood-Schlatter Lesion
Page 309: Segmental Sensory Innervation (Dermatomes) of the Lower Limb
Page 310: Nerves of Back
Page 311: Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal Plexuses
Page 312: Femoral Nerve and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerves
Page 313: Obturator Nerve
Page 314: (A) Nerves of the buttock and (B) sciatic nerve and posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Page 315: Trendelenberg Test
Page 316: Common Peroneal Nerve (L4, L5; S1, S2) Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve
Page 317: Tibial Nerve (L4, L5; S1, S2, S3)
Page 319: Innervation of Blood Vessels: Schema
Page 319.1: Femoral Sheath and Inguinal Canal Inguinal Canal
Page 320: Arteries and Nerves of Thigh: Anterior Views Superficial Dissections
Page 321: A) Arteries of the thigh: anterior view with deep dissection and schema. (B) Arteries of the femoral head and neck
Page 322: Arteries of the Knee, Leg, and Foot
Page 324: Incisions for Compartment Syndrome of Leg
Page 325: Venous Disorders of the Lower Extremity
Page 325.1: Saphenous Veins
Page 326: Thrombotic Disorders: Complications of Venous Thrombosis
Page 327: Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Lower Limb
Page 329: Femoral Hernias

12: Clinical Anatomy of the Torso (pages 331-383, 42 images)

Page 332: Cartilages of the Larynx
Page 333: Osteology: Thorax
Page 334: Rib Characteristics and Costovertebral Articulations. Ribs and sternocostal joints; costovertebral joints
Page 335: Thoracic Cage Injuries
Page 336: Congenital Deformities of Thoracic Cage
Page 337: Fascial Layers of Neck
Page 339: Muscles of the Neck
Page 340: Infrahyoid and Suprahyoid Muscles
Page 340: Cervical Dystonia
Page 342: Scalene and Prevertebral Muscles
Page 343: (A) Course and relations of intercostal nerves and arteries; (B) anterior thoracic wall: internal view
Page 345: Pneumothorax
Page 346: Flail Chest
Page 346: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Page 348: Thoracic and Abdominal Surfaces of the Diaphragm
Page 350: Anterior Abdominal Wall
Page 351: Anterior and Posterior Abdominal Wall
Page 352: Langer's Lines
Page 355.1: Inguinal Canal and Spermatic Cord The Adult Inguinal Region
Page 356: Rectus Sheath: Cross Sections
Page 356: Coverings of Complete Indirect Inguinal Hernia Hernia I - Indirect and Direct Inguinal Hernias Indirect Inguinal Hernia
Page 358: (A) Pelvic diaphragm: female; (B) ischioanal fossae
Page 360: (A) Perineum (superficial dissection) pudendal, pubic, and inguinal regions; (B) anorectal musculature: external sphincter and levator ani
Page 362: Perineum and Perineal Spaces
Page 364: Adult Dermatomes Dermal Segmentation
Page 365: Nerve Supply of the Neck: Cervical Plexus of the Neck
Page 366: Phrenic Nerve
Page 367: Innervation of Abdomen and of Perineum Nerves of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Page 368: Intercostal Nerve Block
Page 369: Chest Drainage Tube Placement
Page 370: Cervical Ribs and Related Anomalies Compression Caused by Congenital Rib Abnormalities
Page 371: Innervation of the Abdomen, Perineum, and External Genitalia
Page 372: Innervation of External Genitalia and Perineum Nerves of Perineum and External Genitalia: Female
Page 373: (A) Autonomic nerves in thorax: sympathetic trunk in thorax; (B) autonomic nerves and ganglia of abdomen: sympathetic nerves in the abdomen
Page 374: Carotid Arteries
Page 375: (A) Subclavian artery; (B) arteries of anterior abdominal wall: blood supply of the abdomen
Page 376: Mediastinum: Esophagus and Thoracic Aorta
Page 377: Arteries of Posterior Abdominal Wall Blood Supply of the Abdomen
Page 378: (A) Blood supply of the perineum and external genitalia; (B) arteries and veins of the perineum: male blood supply of the perineum
Page 379: (A) External and internal jugular veins; (B) veins of the internal thoracic wall; (C) mediastinum: azygos system of veins
Page 380: Veins of the Posterior and Anterior Abdominal Wall: Venous Drainage of the Abdomen
Page 382: Lymph Vessels and Nodes of the Posterior Abdominal Wall and Head and Neck

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